The Furrow News and Views About the Farm

Poultry Manure |° r 1116 turf aad the manure with the The value of poultry manure often remainder of the soil, the beat condiis overestimated. Its content of plani-l tlon8 respecting moisture are secured,

food Is one-half greater than that of

horse manue. ton for ton. The avallj£/Jlty of the nitrogen Is ao treat that returns from applications are immediate. and give the Impression o. greater strength than is possessed. I s availability makes it excellent for plants that need forcing. For such use it needs re-enforclng only with ad 1 phosphate, but as a general mac ore it j should have th< addition of jotaeh j Add phosphate should be user in the l poultry-house to prevent loss if nltroI gen. which escapes quickly count of rapid fermentation, and to supply phosphoric add. 'j'wenty I pounds of add phosphate to ea h 100 pounds of the manure gives a mixture f containing tne pound of nitrogen three r pounds of phosphoric acid, an 1 twofifths of a pound of potash. 1 he addition of four pounds of muriUe ri potash makes the mixture a we 1 balanced and effective fertiliser »hen used at the rate of 500 to 1000 p mnds per acre. Dry muck or 'jam •ht'uk' be mixed with it to serve as an at sorbent and to give good physical con-

dition.

The Use of Stable Manure

The farm supply of stable manure Is a carrier of plant-food, re turnips to the soil four-fifths of all the fertility removed in the crops fed. but it is much more than this. Land which receives only plant-food, as may be the case when fertility is supplied in commercial fertilisers, loses good phy fdc*U condition. Organic matter is , needed for maintenance of physical i condition, the retention of soil moisjre, the freeing of inert minerals ir

land, and the promotion of bac-

erial life In the soli. No small share Df the value of a ton of manure Is due iu organic matter. This is a faer in the problem when deciding rhat disposition of ihe manure will iy best. One field may bo in coulUon to respond folly to the use of imerclal fertilisers, while another too deficient In humus for best re-

Some crops are more insistent supplies of organic matter thar min, the disposition of the manurupon the supply If most s are ft-d on the farm, the manure

k leading source of fertility for a’!

i and crops, and may be used | or twice in the crop rotation T field. If the manure Is In small mt, due to a scheme of farming ing the grow mg of crops fer , the function of the manure a only to enc-urage the starting L in which legumes are a lead-

: Direct Use for Corn

■-practice of spreading manure ■ land for com Is based upo. | good experience. The custom r universal In regions when ■ an important pari of four, five,

’ rotation, and all of the

f hay is fed on the farm. This

f the manure permits thi

1 •iraes when other work : rush. The supply carried a the spring is put on In late &ai)d the manure made in thi t of winter can he drawn tt Q . as fast as made. Manure

meoiately before the

less effective, as no leaching l elements Into the surface ■ before the coarse materia! jl In the bottom of the furrow. I of fresh manure for com ; because com is a gross I requires much nitrogen • plait* having heavy foliage can l in large amounts. It Is e apply manure tn -xcesslve it f«»r thla cereal, the growth of Mnpmlng out of proportion tiUV but the instances are re'.afew. Ordinarily com suffers 1 lack of itrogen. When the farm B Is in large amount. Its direct

f com is good prictioe. Effect Upon Moisture

manures should not he l down lat“ In the spring, as they e the ill effects of drouth Dentation. well mixed with the

s .he eoil's water-holding

but undecayed material in (torn of the furrow is hsmiful.

■ strawy mauv.r

made immedi-

i the time for breaking a rcferably carried over in a ted shed until a later season o

a manure ha* been spread upon i the fall or early winter, it I quickly after the plowing, an I resistance to drouth- " hen it pted clown, the ground is kept i, and the presence of plan' |id moisture at or near the depth ing encourages deeper rooting is. and thus indirectly assists . withstand dry weather. If g is good in character, leav furrow-slice partly on edgmining the harrow to mi* P» n

Manure on Grass

When the crop-rotation embraces two or more years of grass, or one of clover followed by only one of grass. It Is better practice to use the manurethick eu the sod. The obejrt tn view Is the largest possible amount of crop, end the maximum amount of organic matter for the soil. Grass la a heavy feeder, like com. and makes good use of nitrogen. Us roots fill the Foil i: > that no loss attends the use of manure. When the supply Is given the grass aft»r the harvest of the second crop of clover and during the winter, the timothy can make a rank growth. The part of the plant above ground has corresponding development below ground. Not only does a large increase in the hay crop result, but the heavy mass of grass roots, the aftermath, ard the remains of the manure provide a grea' amount of fertility for the corn which follows. The increase In hay permits a corresponding increase in the manure supply the next year, if it is fed, and if is sold on account of a price greater than the voice for feed and manure, it adds to income materially—and that Is one reason tor

fanning.

Manure on Potatoes i*here are excellent cash T-rops that may get more than ihelr snare of tne farm supply of fertility, and against the Interest ot fields in the farm not adapted to cash crop*. The justification is found In the farm ledger. In some regions potatoes are the best crop in point of net Income p“r acre, where the acreage is kept restricted so that ther. may be plenty of organic matter to help In conserving moisture. It Is not good practice to use fresh manure, and especially that from horse stables, for potatoes. A heavy appile-Man makes an excessive grewtii of vine, and the yield of tubers suffers. A stronger detarrent Is the effect that fresh manure has on the developmert of the spores that produce the disease knawn as potato scab. Rotted manure is less dangerous, and few crops repay in higher degree than the potato. Some growers prefer to make heavy application of fresh manure tn grass for corn, and follow with potatoes so that they can profit by the rotted organic matter that remain:, In tliis way the physical londition Is made excellent, moisture L; well held a dry season, and commercial fertilisers can supplement the plant food left in the manure. When to Plow Down Excellent farmers differ regaining the efficiencies nt manure plowed down and that mixed with the top soil. Both classes may he right for their individual Instances. The plowing down of manure helps io deepen the and that always is desirable. It causes plants to root deeply, and that is e distinct benefit in a drouthy season and always desirable. When a soil is In such tilth that the breaking-plow always brings fertile soil to the surface. the plowing down of manuie gives excellent results, though -t should be permitted ’o leach at the surface for a few weeks before bring turned under. When land is being prepared for a seeding of grass or clover, the supply of manure shou d be plowed down wherever the bre*king-plow brings soil to the surface that is deficient In humus. In the latter case the manure always should be used as a top-dressing and hould be evenly spread and well mixed with the surface soil. It is needed there far more than it can be r.redid farther down. The surface soil aiwashould have a high content of organic

matter.

Heavy Applications When the farm supply of manure is small, applications shc-tild be light. The manure should not be the dependence for plant food on a part of a field or a single field of the farm, under such circumstances. It is moreprofitable to give a light dressing to a larger area. The manure is needed to make a fertilizing crop grow, ana a very tew tons per acre can assis' greatly when rightly used. The ma nure Is needed to furnish bacteria to the soil, and a small amount per acre useful for the purpose. A! way: there is temptation to use all the ins a neld convenient to the bain, and to concentrate It on a sufficient!: small area to make a good yield si-re The loss to the farm in this method is heavy. Th,» tnin spots and the thin field, lisve first right to the manure a top dressing, and six acre will bring larger return.- per ton than !2 tons per acre. At the Pennsylvania experiment station the land receiving 10 tons of manure per acre common four years 1 rotation of

ou,.

cation brings the value per ton up to Ofirwl

15.41. Three applications an made ,

..it. h,,,,Horses Needed

Re-enforcement With Minerals

A ton of mixed manure in the stable *I5ie tiling mori needed In the proeon tains about 10 pounds of nitrogen, duclion of work horses for American 5 pounds of phosphoric acid, and 10 larms is greater care in the selection pound* of potash This makes the!of the stallion and the brood mare, percentage of nitrogen and potash the say animal husbandry experts of the same, while the percentage of phos- j United Slates Department of Agriphorlc acid is only half as high. A Iculure who have been studying the commercial fertilizer of such percen:- present situation with respect to horses, ages would be esteemed a badly bsl- Not only was there a net decrease anced one. Certainly the phosphoric, of approximately 373.000 in the nutnectd should be relatively high, as this i her of horses on farms on January constituent of plant-food runs low in 1st, as compared with a year ago. «nit the soil. If 50 pounds of 14 per cent!the experu. are of the opinion that acid phosphate were added to each ton ' there has been an even more marekd of manure while It Is beitjg made in 'decrease In the number of mares bred the stable, 7 pounds of phosphoric! during 1919. The extent of this doacid would be adde-d, making the per- j croase can not be actually determined

centage in the manure a llttli; higher than that of the nitrogen and the pot

ash. A better balance is given

fertility. There cannot be any loss In this purchased plant-food if the stable door Is tight, rermentatioii cannot drive it off, and when applied to the soil it is tightly held. Practically no phosphoric add Is found in Ira inage waters. Eight tons of manure thus re-enforced would contain the same amount of plant-food as a ton of fertilizer having 4 per cent nitro-

gen. 5 per cent phosphoric add, and

per cent potash. The addition of the

50 pounds of add phosphate per

does not bring the phosphoric add

content np as high relatively most coromerdsl fertilizers,

helps. The total amount tn the 8 tons manure may be suffident. and the greater part of the total has suffident-

Imm.-dlate availability, while the

manure must undergo decomposition, and some of the nitrogen and potash does not become available within the

year.

Durability of Manure

Tests of the durability of manure In the soli involve some certain factors, but we are interested only In the effects of applications. These effects may continue for a long term of years, and an exr.tnple will Ulnstrate. Land may be too infertile to make a good clover sod. If a good dressing of manure be given half the land, affording proper conditions for making a sod. the result will be a heavy growth of clover, while the seeding on the unmanured halt will be nearly a failure If no manure or fertilizer be used lu the crop rotation, the probability Is the manured portion of the field will make a fairly good sod. How much this success may be due to the remains of the manure, and how much Is attributable to the effect of the clover and to better bacterial life introduced and favored by the manure. no one knows. Probably the greater part of tt • benefit comes oniv Indirectly from the manure applied three or four years previously. Hall of the field may thus be lined out of a helpless state and remain out of it for a long term of years, while the other half grows orly poorer. A probable illusi ration of this lasting indirect effect may be seen in one of the plats in the soil feitllity experiments on the Pennsylvania experiment station

farm.

Experiments at the Rothamstead station. England, rhow some lasting result, from applications of manure. Director Hall cites the case of one plat of grass land which was highly manured each year from 1856 to 1863. and has rlnce been left unmanur, <*. In 1864 this plat gave double the yicli of an adjoining plat which had beia left unmsnured during the 8 years. lr 1865 the plat, last manured In 1R6J. gave over double the yield of the unmanured. In the following 10 yeau Us yield was a half more than that ot the unmnured. In the next 10 years the yield was a quarter more. In tinnext ten years tt fell to 6 per cent more than the plat that had received manure in the beginning of the pertinent. In the following 10 year* it rose to 15 per cent Here is ing effect of manure for over 40 years where grass was grown continuously

Wonderful Collection of Franklin Imprints Presented to'iUnijrersity of Pennsylvania Collection Includes All But Four Copies of the Famous “Poor Richard's Almanack”

until the colt crop of 1920 Is estimated. If the decline in breeding is ms great as condition,, now Indicate, the country will be confronted with seriously depleted supply of good horses within the next few years. fanners are using up their work stock without -making any pro vision for the future. Such a policy is short-sighted and will have serious results. according to Department of Agricultural representatives. Thr present need is to Increase the per centage of efficient horses by careful selection of parents. One of the principal factors from which the market is suffering Is the breeding of too many low-grade work animals. There is a strong demand for high-class horse?, at good prices the department says. Experimenting to Combat Fowl

Diseases

The unique and valuable collection of Benjamin Franklin imprints has been presented to the University of Pennsylvania by the Curtis Publishing Company, of Philadelphia, Pa. The Curtis collection contains all but four of the thirty-four issues of Poor Rich aid's Almanac. Sixteen years ago c single number—that of 1739—was solf auction for 8565. Minutes of the Lancaster Conference in 1762. tho the Treaty With the Six Nations in 1742. and the Treaty of 1744 have brought from 8300 to 8600 at auction sales, and of the second of those but

six copies are known.

Twelve of the fourteen treaties printed by Franklin are included.

the first of those but one other copy is extant—that In the possession ot

the Historical Society.

The first and last books printed by Franklin are numbered among the coil*ction, as well as many other varieties. A ropy of the catalog of the Library Company in 1757, of which hut one other example is known, has been so’d at auction for as high as 81850. No other collection is known which con tains any of the following: Mlstlehe and Sebr Geheyme Spruoche, 1730: the Minister of Christ, 1732; Instruc lions for Right Spelling. 1737: Char tors of the Province and City, 1741, The Querists, 1741: Brief Life, 1751; Country Almanack for 175. and 1757.

Girls-Girls-Girls. Movie Supply Endless

Every day on the Universal City lot

The supply of extra girls seems

Poultry raising Is one of the largest industries In the country. The losse* from -oultry diseases, although ind'vidually relatively small, are collect-

ively gigantic.

The Bureau of Animal Industry. Pennsylvania Deportment of Agricitl:e. is giving serious attention to the study of the dlseasis affecting fowl. In additlo:. to field experiments carried out on flocks in different localities over the Slate, a model hen house has been provided at the Bureau Ls bo: atory In Philadelphia for the pui of carrying on these experiments. Roup, one of the most important of these diseases, is now being thoroughly studied. The method of vaccinating cgainst this disease recommended b: number of Investigators Is being tried out in a number of flocks. M*”j time* the unhealthy condition a Jock has been found to be due to overcrowding, unsanitary housing conditions, etc. The Bureau therefore urges that poultry men give these con dilions more consideration and thus minimize their losses from disease.

m,r b. tobbJ hb-dr^l. ot youoi jirt. 11 ' h ' * ro * mt ,'° T

I girls or a thousand to appear in a big

who aspire lo slell.r promloeoce on ^ ^ ^ |ti ,

the screen. Doubtless the ambitions!^ alwa> . R be ^cured without the

of some of these some day will b-*. slightest difficulty,

realized, while others wUl remain “ex one day tho girls will appear in traa" until their ardor i* dampened ' ,. T p n ing clothes as guests at a social by repeated disappointments. j fnncu- a or as part of the audience at Man. ot tho -on™- con. toon ' tho Moiropoilim Opera Homo. A tow pood tamlllo,. fahvo pood hone, u.. d*r» hder thop n», «pp~u- u Apacho work In ih, mono, tor Ur. ton ot .he hlrf i- • IT1.1>« cMo. or wa «uw-

opportonro. Others are .ur-worwhlp- lalner. In a western daneo hall.

per,, who nr. thrilled bp tho oppor ot tho "screen wise- onr, plrh. know unity ot worktop in s plcuire with a nil nhont make-up nod otrey Urolr own famou. placer. Still others seek the cosmetic hoses, while otboni must he employment s. an easy mean, ot enn- nndo-up by anlaUnl director. pr» Isp lire 10 len dollar, a day. n«er tided tot the purpe. But there are hoplnp IP propres. beyoud that Um.io- very lew ot ihem who do nol hope Hon and the ran are really ambitious some day to have their own drmialn. plrle with a latent .park ol uleat., ro-ms. their awn direct, and ,e. which will some day be dhseover- d by their names la electric hath, la Irani

an astute director.

1 of a cinema palace.

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Spraying Controls Peach Leaf Curl Satisfactory and effective control of the destructive fungus disease, known as peach 1 <af curl. Is more readily se,rcd by itll spraying than by treatments at any other time of the year. Several reasons conspire in favor of tall treatment, namely, greater ea«e of hauling spray outfitv in the orchard. lesL rush of work at that season, spray outfits are usually in working coivoi tlcn, hut best of all is the greater con-

trol of the disease.

Experiments carried out by the Br.-rt-au of Plant Industry. Pennsylvania repartment of Agriculture, show reliction of leaf curl disease by spray ing to only 8 1-2 per cent of infection, whlio 60 per cent of the diseasshowed on spring sprayed tree* using

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