-WP1

Gas Warfare Explained BarinK some o( the Hecreta of the great var. Ur. L. 1. Shaw, of WaehlDRton. aaalRtam chief chemist of the Bureau of Mine*, lectured recently In the Franklin Institute on "Smoke -sd Incendarr Material.” Ur. Shaw was formerly a captain in the chemical warfare service and was in charge of the smoke anc incendary section of that service In France. In speaking of that particular branch science of warfare. Dr. Shaw said, in

part:

"The use of smoke and incendary ma'erial in warfare date-., back to very early times. The Egyptians made use of smoke and hre In condncting their campaigns. Greek fl'e and smoke pots were used not only by the ancient Greeks, but also by the .her peoples in early times. The G eeks b of their battle gallr- » equipp'd with pumps whereby bu.ning oil could be projected upon the enemy. The smoke pots gave off smoke which was used as a screen in attacks, and other material was put in thse pots which gave obnoxious fumes. "In every war since there has been a certain limited use of smoke and flame. Even in the Civil War use was made of these materials, especially in the siege of Richmond, where incendiary' shells and rockets were employe! in an attempt Are to the city. At the beginning of the wond war. however, very little development had taken place, and information was available from the publish <d 'Iterature. "As with the poison gases, the Germans were the first to eraplo; smoke and with Incendiary material, flrsrt use of the latter being in the form of flame projectors, which were used early in the war in their attacks on the Car.idian forces. "Smoke and Incendiary material really employed for opposite purposes, the first for defense and the latter for Offense In the employment of smoke the main use Is for smoke screens. In order to mask an att^r. or to simulate an attack, and thus cause expenditure of ammunition and activity on the part of the enem; when no attack Is to be made. It Is also used to screen ships, tanks and airplanes, so that thc-lr movements cannot be detected by the •memy. and Is further used *o give a visible burst of shell and Vnrbs for use in ranging. When it oecomes necessary to set np a smoke screen at a greater distance than is possible by merits of hand or rifle granades, use U made of rifle grenades, use is msde of other devices These consist of shells lor Stokes mortars, livins projectors and guns and howitzers. “The filling employed for these shells was usually phosphorus, though smoke mixtures similar those In nse In ca dies and grenades were employed as well ns the smoke produ ing mixtures used in grenades. In use. the shells normally burst just before they roach the ground at the end of the trajectory'- If It were burst after impact the shell normally buried Itself with the result that the smoke matt-rial did not burn properly. Phosphorus here had the advantage as befe.c cf being spontaneously inflammable. while if b smoke mixture were employed It would be necessary that It ignited during flight before the burst. "Small .»nss ammunition filled a special smoke mixture In the projer tile were employed for Ui-r in airplanes to give n trail of smoke following the prrjcrtlle in order to aee the direction of Are. Those were called 'trac -r bullets.' and it was the normal pun>ose for a machine gun on an airplane to have oae to live or one to ten of the cartridges equipped with tiaced bullets. The advantages of this is very a parent. The smoke mixtures normally consisted of magnesium and oxidising agents of such a combination that the friction of air melted out fusib!’ blocks which stoppered the chamber and ignited the mixture. "Due to loo fact that most of the buildings, except the temporary ones within range of the front, were all stone constructions and virtually inflammable. incendary ammunition found a very limited use during the war. Incendiary small arms ammunitions on ths other band did have a very extensive use In the destruction of dirigibles "Flame projectors did not find any extensive use. Then* was cons'derable danger to the man carrying the portable type and he was han.licapp.-d by a weight of seventy pounds and he duration of operation was very short, ao mat the disadvantages in many cases outweighed the advantage. The nonportable type had the disadvsn tagr of the necessity of much apparatus in a front-line trench and d'.ffl cutty of transportation. "Sua.ke producers found a very extensb? use- They were larger macbll.., l**« ” *"*“• and thus one mschir* could produce • larger ^ mens developed an appatatua in which lh * -.moke was produced by sprinkling chlorosulfor.ic acid Of lime T^e French meed a machine which produced Its smoke by mixing ammonia

and UUnlum tetrachloride vapor*. The Americans ^evloped a very successful smoke knapsack which con-1 slated of two cylinders, one containing ammonia and the other titanium tetrachloride. so that they could be prayed together. Three latter materials produced a white smoke which was heavy, and therefor-/lung to the ground and no heat was developed which would cause -dr currents and make the smoke rise. The smoke was not objectiom.ble and could not be breathed and could be breathed for long periods of time with impunity, so that an advance could be made

“As regards the future of smoke and

incendiary material my own opinion, which opinion, however. Is substantiated by at Fast some of the militarycritics. is that Incendiary material, except for small arms and long-range shell and drop bombs, will have at least a very limited nnd perhaps no use. The flame projectors will probably never be used in a future war. Incendiary" grenades for use in destroying abandoned material on retreat will have a small use. Small arms ammunition will be used, as will the larger gun nnd howitzer ammunition

for use In setting Are to dirigibles. "Smoke materii.i. on the other band,

will have a very extensive and everincreasing use. By Oe use of the smoke screen during an stuck the casualties can be reduced by a large percentage The particular typ- of smoke producer will vary with the

use to which It is to be put."

Spanish Newsprint Situation Unusual Madrid—An unusual situation has arisen between the newspapers : nd the government respecting money advances made by the government to cover the increased cost of newsprint. These anuemut attained 110.000.000 pesetas in the course of the last year. The advances will cease January 10 and the newspapers are supposed thereafter to reimburse the ministry of finance. They are unable to do so. however, and the sugg'-xtloc is now put forward that the government buy paper pulp in Germany. Sweden and Norway, where it cosU, with thanaport. 110 pesetas per hundred kilogrammes. and sell it to newspapers at fifty-five pesetas per hundred kilogrammes. the taxpayers to pay the

difference.

Human Side of Business Bartley J Doyle who divides hit. time between an automobile business In Detutlt :.nd a publishing businer-s In Philadelphia, is the selfmade foster father of twenty-two boys. He found his children—found them In the streets. They were waifs, strays, homeless, friendless. <me of them was so black when Doyle ran across him that It was difficult to tell whether the youngster was white or Negro. The child never had worn a pair of «boe*. In summer he had gone barefoot In winter he had covered bis feet with anything he could obtain. When Mr. Doyle found him It was winter and his feet were clad with rubbers, old cloth being used as substitutes for stockings. Some of Mr Doyle's boys itre in schools. Some are in colleges. Two are in his office in his big printing establishment in the Bourse in Phil add phta. where Mr Doyle occupies a goodly portion of the floor In that huge structure. Occasionally Mr. Dryle gets his crowd of youngsters together and has men of prominence In public life. In industry. In finance or other lines of endeavor address them Men like Governor Sprout know how to talk to such an audience, but not a few tm n of prominence give the kids a severe You're going to hear from some ct those foster-children of Bartlr r Dcyle. They're wonders. The other day the two boys who were found ir the s: reel by the publisher, and who are now among the capable youp^ men in his office, came Into his dc-u with a red-headed street "Mr. Doyle," said on,* of the young men. "let me introduce you to Joe." "Hello, Joe: glad to see you." said Mr. Doyle shaking hands with the redheaded little brat. "Mr. Doyle." said the spokesman, "we lound Joe as you found us ami if you don't object we'd like to adopt him and educate him as you did u« " BartJf Doyle t.-, a big. docble-fisted Iri •tw. . but he confi.uu>s that then and there his > yes suddenly went moist and his tongue got «o it 'ck he h_rdly could artirulatee. Also he says he was repaid then and there for all bis foster children cost him In the stuff they call money

$33,000,000 Merger of Cleveland Bank Cleveland. O.—Merger of the citizens' Savings and Trust Comiutny. First National Bank. Vnlon Commerce National Hank and First Trust and Savings Company into the Cnton Trust Company said to be the largest banking unity between New York and Chicago, was 1 minified here last week. Two other banks vrlll be formally taken in this month. According to figures submitted by George Coulton. prsideat of the Cleveland electing House Association, the six banks handled 66 per m-nt of the 916,846.000 of total bank Iran actions of the city in 1519 and 10 per cent of 618.226.000.000 total trnn.-acllons estimated for 1920. When the two other banks officially become members of the Institution the I'nion Trust Company will have SSS.000.000 capital and surplus. 6310.000.0<K> reserve. 226.000 dapositois. 100 officials and 1*00 employes.

Pennsylvania Leads World in Highways Pennsylvania leads not only the United States, but the rest of the world in construction of really dura^lt highways during the 1920 season It* closest competitor was mins!#. Despite the fact that Illinois has no mountain country and consequently very little filling and ^radlnr to do. that State did not build within 71 miles of the total concrete thoroughfare put down by Pennsylvania. No other State in the Union approached even

the Illinois figure.

The progress made during 1920 was such that It is now possible to travel for very long distances In Punsylvania on hard-surfaced highw., s. Before the close of the 1921 construction season, for example. It will be possible to travel from New Cootie to a point twenty miles north of Scranton on an all-weather highway. This route is via Grectuburg. Bedford. Chambersburg. Gettysburg. Phlladelpha. Allentown. Easton. Stroudsburg, Bangor and the Poconos to Scranton. Or if the traveler wishes he may go from Pittsburgh to Washington. Pa., and thence east over the all-improved National Pike Or from Pittsburg he may drive east on the Lincoln Highway to Ji'nnertown thence north through Johnstown to Ebensburg and east over the William Penn Highway via Lewlstown, Harrisburg. Lebanon and Heading to Philadelphia. This route will have been rompl-'Gd with the exception of a few miles in the vicinity of Liverpool. Perry county. Much of the route from Erie, south to Meadvllle. Franklin Du Bo!s. Clearfield, t-ewistown and Harrisburg will have been improved in a permanent way. The thoroughfare north from the Maryland Hne through Gettysburg to Harrisburg. Sunbury and Wilks-Bane will have been made an all weather road with the exception of a short mileage near Liverpool. The tnorougbfare from Gettysburg to Harrisburg will be one of P. nnsylvania's shorr roads— concrete almost In Us entirety. It is the plan of Oovernod Sproul and State Highway Commissioner Sadler to link ap the alrestdy improved sections of State Highwav roads. The "island'' method of constructing whereby a short strip of roadway was built in the middle of a streak of dust or mud has been done s way with. The Stat Highway Department tn two years has constructed 660 miles of 18-foot concrete roadway, some parts of which has a brick wearing surface and some parts as;halt This is the beginning of what within a few years will be the greatest highway

system In America.

Fairly Forced to Go Upon the Stage Year* ago there were bjrn In a bumble little borne ou the East Side In New York, a little boy who was destined to sec his name blaze forth tn electrtc tights in forty-two principal cities of the country before he was

thirty years old.

At an early age. when most children are still at school, this little boy obtained his first Job as a messenger or delivery boy in one of the large department stores, where most of the stage stars of that period had ac-

counts. He was very proud of his job and bis neat new uniform and bis meagre wages were a great help to his hard working father. One afternoon he was dispatched post-haste, to a Broadway theatre, with a package to be delivered to one of the feminine members of the cast of a show then at dress rehearsal. He was standing in the wings waiting for the lady to leave the stage, so he could deliver the package to her In person, as Instructed, when the new assistant stage director spying the boy in nnlfonn, grubbed his arm and fairly lifted him bodily upon the stage, saying: "Wake up! Wake up! That's your cue, go on. go on." The boy was so frightened that he was in tne center of the stagr before be realized it. Then turning to the assistant director be inq-'-d. In his naturally funny way. "What's the matter? What's the matter?" The quaint way he pronounced the words and the amazed, confused expression on hi sface brought forth shrieks of laughter from everyone present until the rehearsal was brought to a standstill and explanations were in order. It seemed that the play .wiled for a delivery boy to • oivi with a package Jus' at the mo ment tin ..'slstant director had shoved the boy upon the stage. The part was only a "bit" and daring the oarli*-r rehearsals had been assigned to a young girt who also played the part of ladies' maid In another act. t>n the afternoon of the dress rehearsal, she had experienced difficulty tn getting into the nnlfonn provided for her at the moment when she should have made her entrance she was still in her dressing room straggling with the male at tire. The young director mistook the real deliver/ boy for the one In the play, with the result that a future “star" made his first appearance on any stage, by force and not by Inclination. The author of the play being present, grasped the unexpected opportunity to add comedy to the play and persuaded the producer to engage the boy. The little "bit" deve»oped into one of the laughing hits of the show. From .hat day on. the name and fame of the little boy has grown until today he Is a real "star" and con sldered one of America's foremost character comedians. France Soon Will Repay U. S. Depts By LAURENCE HILLS Paris—France, despite the failure of Germany to indemnify her for her for her losses in the devasted regions, intends to continue her valiant effort to wipe out a considerable portion of her indebtedness to the United States this year, according to a statement made by a prominent French finance While such reimbursement will not affect purely governmental loans made to France by the United States Treasury during the war, it If certain that at least *100.000,00 worth of French securities issued by French municipalities will be paid when they mature during the ciming twelve months. U.cr“ Issues bc.ng '50.fi00.000 worth of city of Paris bond*.. 622.000.000. represented in tlie city of Bordeaux municipal loan of 625,000.000, in scattering debts Involving small city loans, payment for supplies left here, by the American Army when it returned home, interest on other municipal issue* and a portion of the interest on the replacing loan negotiated with J. P. Morgan A Co. last fall Will Delay Government Loan In fact, of the French budget is not sliced too drepiy for pariismenl, it is even possible that France will offer a portion of the jiterest on the Treasury loan, but In official circle* here it is not believed that this will eventuate inasmuch as would provoke Groat Britain to a rnnUnuanrc of he; independent financial action, which the French are anxious to nee relegated for a wider iwiicy of co-op* ration In connection with Hilled debts to America. The u'-<•***sity for this is apparent, since Great Britain has agreed only tentatively not to ask for payment of her loan* to France until Germany's leparatlon* h>-gin to arrive. So far a* the United Stales !s con■•emed France*' indebtedne*-* is sum-

"That breaks me all up," is what the piece ot ice was beard to remark when speaking of the icepick.

HcLAUCHLAN BROTH!JS -j

1118 SAHSOH ST.. TKILA., PA.

Exceptional Offer

$1.00

100 Liivclopc* 200 Shceis

T Hfc above offer printed with your Name, and Audreys and Business. if any. in Black Ink on Bond Paper. No other Color ink u^ed. Copy limited to four (4) lines not exceeding two (2) inches in length. We do not send proofs Jot acknowledge orders as the price of this stationery does not permit the]ufcual business courtesies, however, wc do guarantee quality and correctness of printing. Please send typewritten or printed copy if possible. The same copy w ill be used -hi both sheets snd envelopes. Envelopes printed on the flap. Scud Sl.cr and copy with your order

mariaed as .follow*. 1. Fifty million dollars In municipal are held by scattered financial group*, with 67.000,000 of them in the safe* of individual investor*. 2. The Joint issues of Bordeaux. Lyons and Marseilles, totaling 615.000 - 000 similarly held. 3. One hundred million dollars in the new replacement issues arranged with J. P. Morgan ft Co., when France wiped out 6160,000,000 of her share In the Anglo-French loan. 4. Four hundred million dollars due to the United States for army stock*. 5. Tiro and a half million dollars at the maximum of France's actual Indebtedness to the United State* Treasnrv. for wnich no demand ha* yet been received either for relmbursemeot or payment for Interest. 6. French national bonds, which can be eout-ldered as currency and subject to fiuctuating exchange value*. During last year, the French Ministry of Finance admit*, attention wa* concentrated on meeting the AngloFrench loan, which was exceedingly difficult on account of budget balancing difficulties, but cousldernig the fact that 6150,000,000 was cov-red, although a part of the original b an »..* sent to Pus*la without any prospect of Immediate leimburscment. it wa* indies live that France was willing to do a!' possible to stabaltse world fin*n rial condition*. Moreover, 63.000.000 worth of French Government securities held by small bankers In the United States were met and the ernnd Interest was fully paid during

1920.

To Begir. Refunding Meanwhile, the Chamber of Deputies has Just approved a measure by the government authorizing the msin'.enance of the advances by the Bank of Franc-' to the government 000,000,000 franc*, as they stand at present. An agreement formerly entered into provides that these advances should ae reduced to 24,000.000,000 francs. Frederic Francols-Marsal. Minister of Finance, said the govemmenfi promise to reduce these advances wai predicao-d on the financial clause* of the Treaty of Versailles. He promised that the refunding of 2.000.000.000 francs a year would be done r.-gulariy, bcgtnnlg the next fiscal year, as, he said, the amount of the German reparation would be settled by that time. However, much is contingent on the ability of the French taxpayers to con tlime to pay the present tax rates, which, owi.:g to French losses of population as * result of the war. represent at least 20 per cent, more per capita than that of any other belligerant nation. While the French war losses in man power are figured at 1.400.000. the real loss of population resulting In deaths, invaliding or’ -s of reproductive factor reaches a minimum of 3.340,000. whereas Italy's actual loss is only 600.000. with the total effective and potential tosses placed at 2.200.000. Belgium'* military losses are estimated at 116,000 men. with an alternative 375.000 estimated deficit In population

Harrisburg. Pa.—The bluo-blnods of I’-jnnsylvania's cattle family, the winn< ra of the ribbons at the Internatioial 1 Livestock Shew in Chicago, will arrive j in Harrisburg this week. These aristocrats will be brought to Harrisburg in their own can. and for a week. ! they will be on display nt the exhibition halls of the Fifth Annual State ; Farm Products Show which will be : held January 24-26. For the first time, the Farm Products Show will feature an exhibit of livestock. While the blue ribbon | cattle, many of them worth thousand* i of i o'lnr*. will be shown, the educational exhibits will be the principal part of the livestock show. Erch exhibit of livestock will carry 1 with It a valuable ler-son. easily understood by the layman a* well a* th« expert breeder, '"her.' wil' be twenty five pen* of livestock consiMIng of dairy and beef cattle, hogs, sheep JKlUltl J. The pens of hogs will illurtrate the commuuliy projects being carried out In twenty-five different nectlon* of Pennsylvania where farmer* are operatively breeding bog* and where bred standard* have In", established The hog* will come from one of thoucommunities and will show Individ ual* bred in thr.t community. The beef cattle exhibit will show a cow with her offspring from several 1 diffei nt sires, showing the result of breeding to sires of the right type. The dairy cattie exhibit will iiiu*. trate the Increased production brought abom by use of hig'- grade *ire*. a number of pure-bred, bleb grade i-ow with their daughters and their records will be rbown. The sheep exhibit will show the result of carefur clo*t.breeding fo r the Improvement of both mutton and fleeces. The poultry exhibit will show ifie effeet of culling a farm flock tnd will in elude high and lew produc-rs and illustrate the value of this work. One of the features In thi* connection with the *he*-p erfclbit will be a demonstration of the grading of a

Hrp. dip of wool, typical of the « on the average farm in An entire flow o' ‘ >n « , 01 J mensr exhibition ball* mil 4*™ entirely to the showing of the Utr^ stock and their feature of the ibow alone will attrset Mock “ Harrisburg from every section of the

State

Crowding the Scminoies The Sctnlnol.- Indian* are to b4 mov..! to a rcerratioc on the wrest of Florida—an tr*» of Sl.OOk acre* Th mgh partly unucr water the tract is d.-med of adequate extent. Inasmuch a there arc only abmit 225 Seminole* l.ft Thi* !» th* melancholy remnant of what wa* once a [>owertul tribe which owned the whole of Florida and fought will the United State# Government o ie of thi- mo*t vigorou'ly contested car* In our history. The Seninole* are notably hand- _ jme peopl- and their young women are the pre 'lest of all Indian girts There are no white hslf-breedi among them So * rong in th. tribe is •»« hatred of orr race that. If a Seminole i wv; • to hare a child by ■ be w -uld probably be pu* to

death.

Around the r neck* the women w*i«r isny airing* of beads, of rut giver, which thev lay from traders, times • .oaw I* adorned wi much as six quarts of thee* snd even the girl babies are down with them. The women many a* ten bole* In the upper of each e-r to hold pegs of wood. The Seminole hou*e is of conrtiuctlon. having a roof and floor, but no side*, its framework is of palmetto pole*, vhiefa support a platform three feet from the ground and a roof of palmetto leaves, k is all one room, open to view from without, and one might imagine that here was the limit of nonpriracy were it not that the Seminole dwelling Is customarily hidden In the jungle.

CORK SUBSTITUTE An excellent substitute for cork is now obtained front turf, w* ch treated by a newly Invented process, furnishes a material for Insulation and building purpose* quite equal to oork. The product is said to be cqnally light. firm and damp-proof as well as sound-

CASE IN POINT “Of course dor* have intelligence." Bibb* declared warmly. "Now her- Is Dubb«: he'* a lover of dog*, and 111 leave it to him If some dog* haven't ’ more Intelligence than tneir masters.” i “Sure!" Dub* responded heartily. "Why. 1 have a couple of dogs like that myself." And Dubbs even yet sometimes why they ail lacghed. HE MIGHT Reginald ha* never been able to progress veiy fa- l n his suit for Myrtle'* hand. On the last occasion h. broached the subject. asking. “Do you think your father would consent to my' ^ marrying you?" Th-girf cruelly n .ded: "Wei!, he might. Fa'her's so eccentric."

CEDAR BARK NESTS A flew Idea for hen*' nests, tn keep innect* out of them, is to make them of cedar bark. Bug*, a* every housewife know*, strongly object to cedar. For thi* purr WO the bark l* shredded and the bud* of the tree may be Included with It

DULY WARNED "Really. I consider you highly pre■umptious m putting your arm about my wal*t'“ a jut you don't mind. hone»Uj. B t>w I certainly do. and m can pen, jf M»u do not remo.e |, Ut just one

PROOF ENOUGH

.'.w*!?* dW b ' ,U * T * that t I***’- Bant bad luck. Now

it"

Wlia: ha* happ.^,^«- ' 'Vhy. Bobby Rollgood gmv. "" ,h "" *** jJjTfi 4 >™' >“4 l«k-l A COME-BACK 'he only M-nriblc * “'f ' lurtn « this discus ■ *'■* r «rtalnly wnti'

tVU'.K k| HH " £‘“