rfe

SC OTERING OF ANIMALS

Tha Kainarkabla «praad of U>a Milkvaad Hullrtd}'. a Nallaa af Alaarte* Thai Mow U a rill»aa«r tha World—Aalnata Mada la roaform to ^aalroamaal. In modern time* at well a* In ancient timet many animals have greatly extended the areas In which they ll»e. f The milk weed butterfly Is an American Insect. In about the year 1843 It first appeared In the Hawaiian Islands. At about the same time Its special food plant appeared and be came a troublesome weed. This butterfly soon spread over many of the Pacific Islands, following the spread

At first thought It might aaem u If Insects had been fitted from the start for their peculiar mode of life. But a little reflection must show that many of these adaptations, however Ingenl ous they may seem, are really very Imperfect. The breathing organa of aquatic In sects are clumsy, compared with the gins of a Osh. In fact, they are soon seen to be modifications of organs In tended for another purpose—namely, for breathing air. If then, we were to hold that animals were originally adapted for the locaUtteSiin which we find them, the useless eye of the blind fish in a cavern would be to us an lit-

as well as the eggs, or young of the butterfly, were doubtless transported in cargoes by ships. It Is Interesting to note, however, that the animal follows the spread of the plant on which its larva lives. The Colorado beetle, which was first described In 1824. was then found only in the neighborhood of the Rocky [ mountains. Us food then was a wild plant, the sand-burr. When the potatoe In its westward journey reached this beetle (he insect eagerly adopted the new food. For about forty years the potato*beetle has been extending Its ravages, until it now flourishes in large numbers throughout the United States and Canada, apparently defying man's best efforts to keep it In check. Here a change In the food plant seems to have been responsible for the change in distribution. As shown by the cases just describ ed. dispersal is often brought about by changes In food. Indeed, most of the wanderings of animals are doubtless prompted by some Impulse connected with food supply. Other causes, however, like pres-

5 by enci

Kish made on purpose for life In dsrk csverns should have no eyes, no optic nerves, and no useless muscles to move the eyeballs. The fact that all aquatic insects have tracheae ad mils of no reansonablc explanation unless we assume that these Insects are descended from olr breathing ances

tors.

Such ancestors may have entered the water in search of food, or to escape enemies. In either case, those whose tracheae were best fitted to use the air dissolved in the water sur vived. while their kindred perished. The ‘obvious Inference from the facts of distribution is that the great majority of animals now Inhabiting the world have become adapted to their present environment through gradual changes In structure. It is doubtless true that the present distribution of a species has re suited from the conditions of Its past distribution, even to the remotest

icmles. change In climate, overcrowding, perhaps even the

sity of the animals themselves, have bee^ instrumental In bringing

iging about if biros, dnr

mlgratlons.

The regular migrations of

ing which many thousands of our common birds travel halt the length of a continent in a tew weeks, or possibly In a few days, or the somewhat Similar migration of Osh. have not yet

been fully explained.

Rivers, seas and sometimes mountains. have often prevented some of the animals of a region from getting far away from their home areas. These restricted animals often characterise

a region.

In a somewhat arbltuary manner naturalists have divided the surface of the earth Into areas of distribution, for greater convenience in studying the causes which have brought our present faunas to their present places.

tant factor In the study of animal This Is especially so If it be true that natural selection has operated In bringing about other changes, just as It has In altering the color of butterflies. Distribution in time U often called geological distribution. Indeed, to really understand an animal structure we need to study not only its present ways, but also the history ''l the struggles of its ancestors. In one way. or another, habits, structure, adaptations and present and past distribution are so cloeely con uected that while studying one we must study all.—New York Journal.

?EEtt OF STAGE CAREER

WARNING TO GIRL ASPIRANTS FROM MARY ANDERSON.

Be Mesh le Be ■■■hred. So Whet Mesl Be the Lei ef Se Manx Medloorllles Who ress 1 hrea«h lha Fires With Bo HowardT—Mor Oara DlsUlaslaalac.

Clara Morria'a record of her profeeslonal career, which la soon to be published In London under the title of ‘‘Life on the Stage," la made doubly notable by a preface written by Mary Anderson Navarro, who writes moat faakly to stage-struck girls as follows: “I hope she who writes these words will help to stem the tide of girls who so blindly rush Into a profession of which they are Ignorant, for which they are unfit, and In which dangers unnumbered lurk on all sides. If with Clara Morria'a power and charm ao much bad to be suffered, what la. what must be the lot of ao many mediocrities who pass through the same Area with no reward In the end." An actress who played with Mias Anderson when she was in the zenith of her success, was spoken to regarding the words of the preface, and this Is what she said: "It was no secret whatever to those who knew Mary Anderson that she was completely disillusioned by the unpleasant side of her stage career before she left the profession. She has written frankly in her preface to Miss

htnrrla'a

become hook agents, saleswomen, manicures, anything that wit give them a fair margin to live on. "The dramatic- schools are doing much to better the conditions for women students. The fee that Is required bars out any but earnest pu-

study In order to gain any chance for advancement. Their voices must be cultivated and their manner of walking, standing and gesticulating improved until the rawness Is worn off. and they acquire a certain

‘This has brought the beat class of managers to the dramatic school* to look for people to fill small positions Ip their companies In which the objectlofSdle features encountered elsewhere are eliminated. “A place In such a company, a com-

CUPPER SHIPS FAST.

t Tacbta That

The animals seldom cross. Because of this. Islands far from continents have both a fauna and a flora differing from hbat of the nearest mainland, and differing also from one another. Frogs and toads are not found on oceanic islands, because salt water has prevented their migration to these places, y Bats, birds and butterflies may. ■owever. overcome more easily the barrier of the sea, and make their homes on these Islands. Some large Islands, like New Zealand, show faun** curiously resembling the ancient faunas . of Europe or America. Doubtless, in such cases, the barrier of the sea has preserve, the ancient life by preventing the Incoming of strong Invaders. Because of facts like these. Island faunas are ot great Importance to zoo

Other regions of the earth may resemble Islands In their animal life because they are surrounded by barriers which certain species cannot cross. Thus, the part of a river above a 1 * otarAct Will have antlquate animals different from those below the falls. Moat artlc animals perish when brought to southern climates. Animals living in the low lands of equatorial regions cannot live on the bighlandg. Thus heat and altitude may nrove'a* elective barriers as the sea /Itself In 'isolating species All over (the world there are tracts characterised by the presence or absence of certain plants or animals. Whenever an animal wanders Into

original habitat, a

e wish to know what

causes operated to bring about the change of location, how the animal supports Its life under the new conditions. whether It is likely to exterm! cate or reduce the number of any of the original inhabitants of the locality, and, finally, whether its own structure will be gradually modified to adapt itself better to the new conditions of

life.

In regard to many cases of change of dwelling place these questions have been answered. Thy Colorado beetle has been able to maintain itself under new conditions. The domestic (Bngllsb) spar row thrives In America. In these cases the . creatures have adapted their mode of Ufe to new habitats with marvellous rapidity and success. Foreign rats have practically exterminated American species, being able not only to surrivfeotmt to drive out animal* already adapted to their earironment. FI the* In caverns have lost the use of their eyes, either from lack of use, or because eyas in absolute darkness are s disadvantage, and vj disappear by the process of natural •elect! an.

Con lit Outstrip tho Salt ike So*. The Shamrock 11 is credited with a speed of only 14 knots In an hour for short distances when everything was In favor. The Columbia has never actually covered 14 knots in an hour, but has sklled at a speed of fully 14 knots for as much as 10 minutes together. Fox-long runs In cruising rig no yacht has evW exceeded 11 knots an hour. The Valkyrie II, in June. 1884, on her voyage home to Scotland, did a best day's run for 266 knots, which gives her a speed per hour of 10.62 knots. Seeing that a modern racing yacht Is a sailing machine pure and simple, nine persons out of ten Imagine that it represents the acme of speed obtainable from wind. To those It may come as a shock to hear that there have been during the past century, and are today, sailing vessels afloat with which in a long race even the Shamrock II. would stand no chance at

Morris's book, just as' its author written of her stage experiences, has been criticised extremely In this country for her truthfulness, by members of her profession who believe In keeping up Illusions rather than de-

stroying them.

“Of course, there are always extremists among the critics of the stage. There are those who Idealize It and do look npon It always with eyes blinded by the dazzle of the footlights. Others, quite am unseeing, denounce the stage and everything connected with it as entirely evil. "Miss Morris. In hey book, kept back none of the struggles, the cares, the hard work necessary to the acquirement of a reputation such as she gained In her profession. She began her work In a time of low salaries, which was an added difficulty. , “Now and then we hear and read of tcceasful women stars who say that lere Is no more danger In a career on le stage for a girl than In any other. would hardly seem possible that tese stars realize what they are sayig. It may be that their own expeences were different from the ordinary run or perhaps they belong to those who believe in keeping-up Ulu-

one of the finest schools for a beginner, even though she only have the merest opology for a pari. She sees the discipline and the study necessary even among those at the very top of the ladder, and it fits her for serious

work.

"Mary Anderson began her professional career In a blaze of glory, for she made her success si first through her magnetism, her beauty and her inspiration. rather than her artistic work. But afterward she had all the blterncss of adverse criticism, the dislike caused by her success, the slanders of iier^Enemies; all theme she met as her career advanced. "She was not built of the tough material which withstands this kind of burning In the furnace of life. Be lag unusually sensitive, she suffered bitterly. and she even found that her health began to tall be tore she made up her mind to leave it all behind her.

••She

The Aberdeen clippers of the early '60's were the first craft to show what could be done in the way of speed under sail. The Maid of Judah. In 18G0. made the passage from London to Sydney in 78 days. The Lillies, a clipper of 1605 tons, took troops from Dublin to Gibraltar In tour days, and later sailed from Liverpool to Melbourne In

“It la true that conditions are growing better in this respect, so much so that there are a few stock com pennies which are highly refining and educative In their Influence npon the

members.

he logged I days in

The well-known Hurricane of the Thomas and Mersey line came home once from Melbourne in 74 days On this occasion she achieved wliat la pro bably the world's record ■ for speed She ran 270 miles In 16 1-2 hours—e speed exceeding 16 miles an hour, s performance that her builders and

light well be proud of.

br 1867 occurred the greatest ot

China tea-dipper caoes. Fourteen fthipe took part. The Ariel won. covering the distance from Foo-Cbow-Foc to London In a 102 days. The curlour part of this race was that a ship that was not entered for the race, the Sit Launcelot of Greenock, a compositebuilt vessel, beat everything else by three days. The Sir Launcelot waa 750

mainmast was 200 feet high. Her record of 14.00C miles In 88 days still stands, while her beat day’s sail was S54 statute miles In 24 hours. The absolute record, however.'is held by Thennopllae. a 948-ton Jan. S. 1870, she sailed 880 statute ml lee—a rate of 16.8 milee an hour. The enormous five and six-masted four and after rigged ships of today carry

r the On

Ives them the advantage over racing yachts. The displacement of cup yachts, all under ISO tons, makes the difference between them and the Mg trading dippers almost as between a small steam tug and the Krionprints Wilhelm —LondonMail.

Thleklr r*rsl*t*4 HeTF t - The fertility of Egyptian soil is II lustrated by the fact that every one of 18.500 square miles can support 828' persona, whereas even In'densely pop nlated Belgium there are only 680 to the square mll^—Indlanapolli News.

LoU of people acquire reputations

lut the life of the stage to a young girl, inexperienced In the world, le alnly filled with dangers as It la with unpleasant experiences. No other can possibly compare with It In this respect. "here are dangers to health, there unpleasant things to bear and see. there is a familiarity necessary among then of a company without regard ax. which, however possible, to oldctori and actreeees. is not the most raMe atmosphere for a young

wcmuvrB. la uieae cumpauies urcso, language and behavior conform to the beet possible standards, not through rule, but because the members of such companies are themselves proud of the respect and friendship of their

has a long waiting list. ‘The stage-struck girl le apt to take gratefully the very first chance that offers, and the chorus Is the great entrance way to the profession in most

“Now. If you have ever seen a chorus drilled and rehearsed you can get an Idea of the manner of the usual stage manager and his attitude toward the girls of the chorus. ‘ His language frequently un-

state of things encountered by denL Certainly not In art. In cine. In school teaching: no. not In the factories are girls frequently sworn at.

only 17 when she experi-

enced the first storm of disapproval. bad already made an almost triumphant senes of appearances In Kentucky. In Now Orleans and St. Louts, and had created a dramatic sensation, the like of which has never been approached since. But In California, while her charm was admitted, her .lack of training and experience

rous to tear down the success that had been reared by her in the south. “One reason for this was that she

as she was by a wretched knowledge of stage business. She played ‘Meg Merrilles.’ and suffered comparison with no leas an artist than Charlotte Cuchman. who had preceded her In tiiat role. She essayed the complex role of 'Juliet.' with nothing whatever to guide her but her own Instinctive Ideas of the character. “It was after this that Mias Anderson joined John T. Ford's company and made her memorable tour of the United States, the tout which i her famous throughout the w Criticisms still showered on her. critns which were afterward quoti roof of her genius, for her eui made In the very teeth of their

“She-never learned to take It cooly. as actors must do. She felt it all too keenly, and while she kept a brave face she suffered more Intensely t any one ever draamSd except thoae knew her best, and they were ! The words she writes is the pre to Mias Morris's book were not written by her In any Idle mood of retrospection. but with a tnorough knowledge of the aubjert. gained through her own experience*, despite her wonderful success here and abroad." New York Sun.

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"Another severe trial which stagestruck girls rarely consider Is the expeasp to which they most go for, dresses. This Is becoming s more Important Item every day. Stage dressing bills are enormous, and the possession of a good wardrobe is one of the means of getting a footing with many companies. "In many cages the dresses of the chorus girls are paid for from their own scanty salaries. The girl la fitted

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