LESSON OF BOER WAR. THE CONFLICT HAS IMPROVED THE SCIENCE OF FIGHTING.

r»r aad la Cia tha 11 la Afllclaar>—Ka* uuua May Ua aarPallia Vary •mall.

Ability la Taka C. Ilranatl U Kuanl elllty With IVhlcI yrUad — Laavaa H

The military expert of the London Daily New* has recently discussed In an interesting manner In what ways the conflict In SoutU Africa has added to the science of war. Necessarily the nature of the fighting was such that many of the more Important problems hare been left untouched, and will remain so until a war ariaes between two nations which ars more equally matched, In which both sides make use of large bodies of troops. At the same time, the writer find* that the sum total of military Vnowladge

ary the

ops. 1

bU subject Into four parts

Las gained decidedly by ti

oops. Hi

i four

exporieoc* iss divided

of the British trooi

First.

certain theoretical conclusions which have been conCVmed by practical experiment; second, certain other theoretical conclusions which hare been proved false by practical experlmi third, certain doubtful question u which theory was fairly evenly dl ed. which have beesi settled one way or the other; and. Anally, certain quite unexpected results which theory had not been able to foresee. Under the first head he has found the following theories proved In practice; That the ability to take cover and to use the ground is essential to efficiency; that-untll the last rush advance must be made In very extended order; that scouting Is at once more difficult and more Important; that guns within 1200 yards of Infantry can be picked off. and. unless very strongly supported, will be lost, and that a defensive position can be held by a somewhat smaller number of men propoitionately than was the case with the older weapons. He points out that these facta were all but certain before the actual warfare began, and that all of them have played a great part 1 nthe continental manoeuvres. At the same time, the confirmation of these theories in practice has come In rather the light of a revelation; tor, despite the elaborate textbooks on the subject, the testimony of skilled observers at last year's manoeuvres In both the French and German armies was to the effect that clofc* formation and old-time practices were still much in evidence. TtTs to the credit of military theorists that-there Is little to record under the second bead. One Or two points have.been noted; tor example, the theoretical difficulty of holding a railway line, which had seemingly been greatly exaggerated. The ease

never besieged, is that It was Impossible to learn whether guck great forts as siy>arate France from Germany caa be rushed under modem condlti As tj the unexpected lessons of the war. four are noted. TUe first la the very small losses la battle. In South Africa this was partly due to the character of the war; but It waa also partly due to the nature of modern weapons. and especially to the length of the modern range. In the second place, the value of small machine guns as range finders (a discovery of the Boers) Is of capital Importance. It Is tlpe moat effectual method of concealing the range of one's artillery when it opens fire. Third, the magaxlne rifle has proved itself to be a much less terrible weapon than waa Imagined. And. finally (and whst the News expert regards as most Important). the extreme flatness of the traecfory of the modern rifle has created behind theming lines of the opponents. even It the longest range, a tone through which it Is often Impossible to bring up waljr. ammunition, reserves, etc. It probably Is the chlet lesson of the war. and was proved Incontestably at Magersfonteln.—New York Commercial Advertiser.

ler guar dreds of miles of railway would not. of course, have Been duplicated had he boerf confronted by large bodies of trained troops well equipped with artillery, but the difficulty of the task under any conditions has shown itself not to be so great as the experts have asserted. Under the third head, however, mch that Is momentous had happened. The aar has decided the enormous advantage of possessing a mobile yet heavy pl^e side by side with one's ordinary field batteries. Much of the Beer advanuge In the early part of the war came from the few heavy guns they possessed. And, again, the moral effect of artillery which has been much disputed. Is surely settled by this war. At Elandslaagte a couple of guns standing up to the fightlog to the very l«jt moment all but. •aved the Boer position, although they were fighting one to six. On the other hand,-at Magersfonteln It was the guns that prevented a disaster, and the News expert assert*'Tbaf in no single case throughourthe war have troops been able to advance where they were opposed even by a much lees number of guns thatS is thought necessary by a continental army. Another thing wblcb was proved was the facility with which'guns may be surprised; but the most Interesting conclusion. perhaps. Is that the value of .shock tactics In' the cavalry can no longer be denied, silencing once and forever those theorists who have held that the role of cavalry had been reduced to scouting. "The moral effect of • great body of horsemen (although they can a!wars be checked by unshaken infantry) has, for Infantry In the least demoralised, much of the terror which It formerly possessed " In proof of this be points to Brackenlaagta, where an Inferior body of Boers rode down the British rear guard; to" Tweebosh. where an inferior force of Boers not .only rode down the British, but did It oyer g level approach of between three ana four miles; and the escape of the Boers last February. — ’—i they drove through the main rf railway. And he further points «« ihat the Boers were not cavalry, ahd were not armed with cavalry weapons, but gained their end simply by ; the use of their galloping horses, the

more might be wfeonnother point gained 1* the of how perfectly cavalry.

CUNNING OF BR’ER FOX

raanTs Tow.

As iBcldMt That Shaw* Beral

ar of Kaavaalag-

A well authenticated story comes from North Carolina which seems to rove that foxes, if they have not eual reasoning powers with the human race, are at least endowed with an excellent Imitation. The story is vouched tor by John B. Evans, chairman of the Republican state committee: J. C. L. Harris, secretary of that committee; R. W. Logan, the United States commissioner. and J. D. Miller. One morning recently they were fox huntThe weather was cool and crisp

log

on the leaves and grass to give the dogs good scent. A fox was soon unearthed and kept running in a circle aboute three miles In extent A knoll In tne center overlooked tha entire course and after the hunt h^d continued for some considerable time the fox made tor a giant ted venerable cbestunt tree which bad fallen across a ravine. Into the hollow tree dashed the fox. the Jogs behind about 160 yards behind. Reynard was seen. to emerge from the other end of The log and soon made off through the

forest. ,

The dogs were thrown off the scent at the hollow log, but soon caught It again across the ravine and kept up the chase for about half an hour

mor*. Then the • fox once

disappeared in the holow log to emerge as before. The dogs again trailed on, but in about another thirty minutes the fox for the third time entered the log and still again disappeared In the forest across the ravine. The dogs were about used up by this Time, though the fox appeared to be quite fresh after the third trip through the log. The hunters noticed this un, accountable circumstances and began to suspect something. They securely closed up one end of the log and when Reynard for the ■fourth time entered they closed up the other end. Then

ired axes and cut Into tt^s

>ur or more

UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD

Cenl Khorfai't Bold I'laa or FornUhlns arholanhlp* lo Btadaau from Itaa t'nllad Mala*. I ho MrltUh Colonic* and Gartaaay Makoa Tlila Article Timely. Cecil Rhodes' bold plan—provided for in bis will, as recently chronicled —to send each year to Oxford University a number of select students from the-United States, the British colonies and Germany, with a scholarship provision of 11600 each for expenses— this far-reaching benevolence has naturally called forth much discussion; and the occasion is ripe tor asking what one of these scholarships at Illustrious Oxford Is to mean. First then, the details as to how the candidate* are to be chosen, what U to be required of them. etc.—all this la still undetermined. The matter will be worked out with deliberation by boaras of administrators yet to be chosen. Rhodes never concerned himself with ways; all.he did was to supply the means of doing things. HU scholarship endowment plan Involves many difficulties In practice and It will take time to assimilate a scheme of procedure. The University of Oxford differs from any educational institution In this country. It Is not a single, compact university, like Harvard or Yale, but a collection of Independent colleges under a form of confederacy somewhat analogous to that by which the various stales of the Union are bound. It is a sort qf e pluribua anum. But in Oxford the power and Influence of the colleges predominate over the

university.

Cambridge University, in England, is the only other school that is like Oxford. The other English universities and the German and French universities are more like ours, though there are of course radical differences between such Institutions In the differ-

countries.

It would take-years of residence at

the peci t Oxford.

The Institution is the growth of six or eight centuries of time, and Its history Is as complicated as that of a nation. Yet a Jlttle Inquiry will show -Its distinctive charaeteritec*—llt- » understood _ar they gjMally are by the averspite AmeriflKfT " ^ TOlvesalty was not titqlly complete at one

"ttnford.

times the place was a seat of learning. There was a nunnery there as early as the eighth century, and Pope Martin H in 802 spoke of the town as an educational center. Vacaritu lectured there In Latin, on law. In 1149. 1 .were by that time a number of asteries and other religious hi there, to some of which schools attached, where students were bred

It would take years of reside the university to unJeiuUnd On liar relations which exist at <

ec by bis own college; but bo may attend any he likes, even those In other colleges. In recent years the lectures have taken a somewhat more practical and definite turn. Formerly the favorite colleges at Oxford were filled up .several years in advance, but for the last generation studenu have been allowed to live in Jheir own lodgings. Instead of In conn toons, and now a student can enter any college on abort notice. It is hard to say Just bow many studenu are attendance, n such statistics are not made prominent by the unlversll! The number runs from 1<I>0 to 200 perhfps—or much below that at a number of the German. French and American universities. The colleges ‘hold certain examinations at Intervals, and students are

e up

Specially dlffl-

ch examinations are held for honors. Finally the university conducts the examinations leading to the degrees— the main purpose being to make Mas-

ters of Arts.

There are tour terms each yesr: Michaelmas, from Oct. 10 to Dec. 17; Hilary, from Jan. 14 to Palm Sunday; Easter, from Wednesday of Eastei week to Friday before Whitsunday; and Trinity, from Whitsunday to the

generally expected to pass these i within a stated time. Specially <

first Saturday after the first Tuesday In July. The ordinary academic j Is about 26 weeks. Twelve term,

residence are ■

ordinary academic

year s u of

residence are required as a minimum for the degree of B. A., and 27 terms for M. A, It Is seen, therefore, that to be a "Master of Arts of Oxford" Is something to be Justly proud of. as It means leist about seven years faith-

ful worl^.

It Is customary for students "read" with a private tutor, who helps them over the rough places. T tutors generally get about $50 a b tor three hours a week. They are any upper classmen, or post-graduates ig to! " ’ ~ paid to the colleges

whole

working f of tuition

degrees. The cost the colleges aver-

ages about $325 for the whole threa years—not including tutors' fees. About £200. or say $1000, a yi the amount generally accepted liberal allowance for all expem a young man studying at Oxford. The very minimum would behalf this The

• up t ; hard!

course of time the teachers of the various schools came to meet loin a sort of “Institute.'' to dislethods and adopt general rules. From this association. disUnct from

th.r procured are. ud cut luto “i 0 ' “>*? tree. — '^ZT, 1 wore^rere,?-

jsr" * j . Walter de Merton. In 1264. first gave | the Institution the character It was

Tli'c lantern ot the Lundj Uland ■'••ttnM to derelop. He founded Mot-

QUAINT AND CURIOUS.

lighthouse is 540 feet above high water, and can be seen 31 mile*. The Cape Clear light Is 4^ feet above the

In only two cases have baronetcies been conferred on women In England. Once was In 1686 on the mother of General Cornelius,'' Speelman. The other was Dame Marla Bolles, made so by Charles L Most of the rallwsy stations In Russia are about two miles from the towns which they respectively serve. This is a precaution against fire, as many of the Russian dwellings are thatched with/straw. The oldest steam engine now at work Is believed to be a Newcomen winding engine at Farme colliery.

Tattooed on the body of a man who lost his life in the South West India Docks were a crucifix, elephant, tomb- ! stone, dog. eagle, figure* of Punch | and Judy, croes-flags, and the word .

"Love" le large letters. j for the ■

ton college; and from time to time during 400 years other similar colleges were founded until there were- 21 in all. These exist today, - and beside them there are some collateral schools also, sustaining special relations to

the university.

The original purpose In rounding the separate colleges was to give friends and townspeople of the found- : er a place to, live and study The various *olleges are by no means unlfofro, Each has Us own character., it own customs and rules. Its own sup-

porter*.

Originally the students lived where they pleased in the town of Oxford, but under the college system they were required to take up their residence in the college buiyings called innu. hotels or halls—somewhat as our college fraternities have their own quarters—where'they lived In common —the meals and the rooms being called "commons." Out of the college funds certain sums were laid aside to pay for the support of a limited number of poorer undergraduate studenu, and these provisions were called scholarshli

t of post-graduate

* A peculiar snow observed on 1 Malet la the Alps has been repo

by M. A. Brun. It U t

senpos-

Including tils ncholarihips—several bun-

dents, called fellowships, and t ■esaor ot one of them yas a 'Yrt

scholarships, worth $400 to $600 and about 30 feUowshljn worth

with j

grains reaching an eighth of an Inch |

in six*. The slight adhesion of f ase about $1600 each The

grata Myw great liability to avaM $1500 a year sacb wllT therefore ft - 1 tbe Rhodes scholars on a footing. 11-

nan dally, wllh the most honored class

The difference of color between ! of residents nt the university green tea and black tea depends on I When a young man goes to Oxford the Uct that the first 1* obtained from ! bt Is not .as at our American colleges lesvss dried as soon as they are gath- assigned to clasaes where be has to'

erod. while in the care of the black ' study text-books, recite,

u *- Stowed to fer tures, and,take frequent meat before drying. Blacl lea. there-1 There le ao sdrereUy exaretoatjc* at

‘ ' la U>aa ectrace, but aB the best colleges ha

an entrance examination, varying j standard with the college. ,

life has The colleges do tha teaching, wl

SEASIDE

STUDIO. SURF BATHS.

professors draw salaries up to $4600 a year, the average being hardly $2000. The official title of the university Is: "The Chancellor. Masters, and Scholars of the University of Oxford." The university Is mostly self-govern-ing, and Is a republic In iuelf. There four representative bodies that manage Its*affairs. There is the Hebdomadal Council or weekly meeting, which Is a sort of ways and means committee; the House of Congregation. a sort of upper house or revisory board, which granu degrees, etc.; the Convocation, consisting Of all the Masters of Arts or graduate alumni of the university, which elects the two qiembers to parliament that a law of James I gives to the university; and the Congregation of the Unlveralty, which passes laws tor the government of the university, etc. Two proctors—a sort of police—have authority over the deportment of the students— one of the university bug-beam, as will be recalled by those that have read "Tom Brown at Oxford." The town of Oxford has about 45.000 people. It Is situated la a beautiful rolllhc, pastoral country in one of the sweetest and most romantic'sections of England—about 65 miles up the Thames from London, though the little river here Is known by its more classic name of Isis. The High street

finer thin those In fcy great city: but the vast number of massive, hoary ■nd Impressive structures makes the whole sublime. Oxford stands for a kind of education not much cultivated now in America. where everything takes a practical turn. But Rhodes was a practical man and be knew Oxford; and he wss convinced that the Infli-cnce of that great Institution, operating on young men of energy And resource, from newer countries, would be a powerful leaven tor the betterment of the world. Men of broad culture such as Oxford can produce he knew would be In in* creasing demand in the coming time. And it may be that these students from ads will in turn be a powerful in the evolution of a newer Oxford, which shall thus exert increased influence on the progress ot mankind.—The Pathfinder.

Values in Flour ire too otten reckoned by Quantity. BUV Golden Beauty Flour and get true Value in Qual-

Bm-w ta AdatraM XMpUaBl*. In view of the numerous and frelent applications tor Information respecting the proper designation of

has prepared the following representative fowls of tlUe for the Introduction of officials: His Excellency the Ambassador ot Italy. The Minister from Costa Rica. The Charge d'Affair* of Venecuel*. The Secretary of the Siamese I-egn-Uom. The Military Attache of Turkey. In conversation Signor Mayer, the I be ad-

For sals by all Grocer*

c hauls .

and Feed Mer

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