4. -• V t . ;.'w.

"LET ILL TOE ENDS THOU AIM' ST AT BE THY GOD'S, THY COUNTRY'S, AND TRUTH'S." . '

VOL. IX. CAPE ISLAND. CAPE MAY COUNTY NEW JERSEY, THURSDAY, APRIL 21, 18G4. NO. 47.

— DEFENCE Of (A* System of Internal Improvements , of the Slat* of A'ete Jersey. by th* j President if the Delaware and llari- - (on L'anul Company. T* WILLIAM C.~BBYANT, Esq., >abli»b#r of lb* ' Ma* York Earning Foil. Pjuncnox, April 5ib, ISM- | Bis : I bar* rvceotlj observed several ( •ditorlal ariklox mi) coramuniestlous in i tira Kraoio* Fori. 10 nrlilion to Ilia Joint i Oooip»Dir« or Na* Jersey. which iedicate i a want of information u to tbe origin and : history of tho** Composite, and tbair vela- ; i tiona to tba public. < I bat* therefore paresedad myralf to , believe that a few note* on tb* subject, I from ona «ho ii intimately arqoaioiad with i * all tba circumstances which attoodad tha i origin and subssquant history of Iboaa com- i paalai, would not, at tbia lima, ba onaccept- , aMo to you and tho public. You will ex- i coaa, I hopa, tbe liberty 1 baea taken, and . appreciate ihe.fDOtivs lor addressing you ' lo tbir form. 1 Tba peculiar cireomileneee under which i New J*Vs*y adopieJ bar preaent system of ■ lntaroal Im^VretnanU stem, with -the "lapaa or time, to bare faded from tba mem- j ory of tba praaaot generation. A brief raferaoca lo them aud lo antecedent eeanla i will anablo, ail to appreciate more jnatly tba i propoeed Congressional or any other inter- i ferenoe with that ayilam. Tba ooflamnnlcation botwaaa New York . i and Philadelphia was Inl carried on orar i tba comma* roadi ol Nan Jersey, by stages i and farm wagon*. Theeo roads were main- ■ tainad by tha tabor of tba inhabitant* of I the different counties tbiougb which tbe i roads patted. Tba inhabitant* were as | * tetrad according lo tho extent "of tbair ' | frreded property for tbat purpose. -The ! | rietr* were croaaad by open farry boata. < Tb. forriat ware nniborisJll by law lull ""rtargw specific tolit in proportion to thp i aertice rendered. * Tba lirtl tlap toward* Improramaiit wan t " bridging the rivers. Tbi* tba Statu we* « unwilling to do ut thu Buu ex; un»e. It t ' waa dona by granting charier* to qpm- I puiaa to bm!d the required bridges; thus I tbe Hackensack, Ptttalc, R*iit«n, and Del- i ■ware rivers were bridged. Different turn- i pike companies e.*re incorporalad to bnild i mmwpibe rwada, ewth tha right to exact toll of th ore who uied tha road*. Some of I l hem charier* were gmntsd more then . erectly year* ago. Tbe trenail duties tbey I hare levied on tba public have never been i comldrred * hardship; wbilltiimilar datiae, i tba tuna in priteiplo, exacted from the i railroad* and eanal*. hare been unsparingly : and perervaringly denooaeed. Duriac tba ear of IS12. the military I niiceeettiea of tba government required the are of «bo Kuw J»r."cy roads. Frou. Treu- i tan to New Brttuawick. on the Raritan, i conld then 1>« *een wagon* loaded with lb* * - ' cannea aad Munition* or war at or Y id the mud, and consoiriug two week* or. mora in parting tfrar twenty-five mile*." Then war tho Unto when aid from any source would have been heartily welcomed to aceitt Id i tba construction of roadt or canals acrott Mew Jaraey. No one tban clamored for the Goewrtiment to make canal* or road* acrott Saw Jersey. It wa* not aren then tbat money wo* to be made by tbe Inter- i ferenoe of Govern mcu. Tba lesson* afforded by tba experience i Of 181!, 181 A, and 1615, in»pir*d patriotic Jetseynrpn with natioi.al mulie** for in eraastng tba (acilitiae for patting over the , But.; laamodialaly after tba paaca of 1816, and mo after tbe commencement of tbe con < *t ruction ot tb. New York nod Erie Canal, i tba people of New J wary began to tak. measures for tba ooMlruetion of tbe Dels- ; wore aad BwiUn CaaaL Tbia wat, from i tba first, cooriJared a work of nation*) . impertani -, and deserving of aid frfftt lb* Federal Government. A system of nsltaaal in tarn al improvetwa.U along the seobcrd, with tha design i i f oromotiec tba military dafaaoa of tbe Atlantic coast, waa recommaoad by thai Sereatary of War, tha Hon. Mr. Calhoun, M, thn fin* t*t«> of President Monro.-. In hi* abb rape t on that artjact. Mr. Colbeao iadwated the Bukwevu sad BariUn Can.) a. ... af Urn MM coatly »d importaWVllitka in that oKaK Cf publie worke which be raecm mended aboald ba oou- - ovwrwmawt "f.Uad to^t hi rwadatmby with th* wmtamwadattou of Mr.CalboM. l-- i. wBcient to refer l. ' Iba pal ley of tjusimetiag tuck public I I m

I lor national dtfiinco, and tbat when socb a i policy abonld ba sanctioned, they fait conBdenl tbat the Delaware Md Uaritao Caaal j would ba made. I Tba time was (only a little mora than a quarter or a century ago) whan tbe projectore of those public work* of New Jersey, now deemed to ba so rataiaerativa, were considered visionary men, wbo proposed to waste a great deal of money without any reasonable prospects of beneficial results. At this time it seems almost that ihgae franchises (which are now (opposed (b be so valuable and useful, tbat organised cupidity, In order to gratify ! its lust for gain, invoke* the Federal Gov'eminent to deelroy or impair them by tbe exarcwe of extraordinary powers never b fore claimed to exist), tblrtj-thrve years - ago, could with great difficulty be giveo a»ay by tbe State of New Jersey. Yet rocb is tb* tact. Nsy, tbe Slate conld not give them awsy upon terms which capitalists were willing to accept, onless they wore • mpregnably protected from competilios. protection ih given from the necessity of tbe case ; without it, Mitber railway canal (the moat Important of tbe two) would have been commenced in 1830. In 1826 tha Legitlatnre of New Jereay granted a charter to some ciiitons of New York lo build tbe D- lswsre and Aarilan Ca al. For varions reasons, that. company refused to proceed, and tbe charter was annulled. Tba Legislature waa than vehemently ; importuned by dtiMns of New Jersey to nuke the caual a State work. All well informed men la New Jersey perceived that •onje system of ialernal improvement wat to the development of tbe of the State. Enterprise languished aud th* prosperity of the Bute was 'paralysed; her iMds aer# becoming im- : pvwi»b*d, if oot worn out; her Tillages : stationary ; her yonng men were leavi her as f.st a* they c*me of age for more bumes elsewhere. Having given up all bop* of aay aid from Cooertas or tba Klata finvarnmunt la tha construction of lb* canal, a few of the most enlightened and public spirited Jertaymen held a conference on tbe subj-cl of tba future of New Jersey. Tbey fully dtacnttad tba proper policy tq^tmrsoe lo suable bar kaap. up with tbd progress of improvements In other SJhles. The question of tb* comparative advanof canals aod railroe'ds Was consider, ed, and, erkilsl it was admitted on bH band* lbat.a railroad would b* motl proBtsbl* to individuals, yet it wo* believed tba', as far as respected its utility to the 3tale, a railroad would b* about as important a* tbq flight of a flock of pigeons scions it. Bnl tba CAual, it was thought, aould ba of primary importanoo to th* Btate, sad a work of great national utility, and lo whicb all other public improvement* should be subordinated lo tbeso view* a largw num-

ber of tba oitisens of Maw Jaraay aympa- p tblsed, Md an_ application to tba Legisla- r ture urn mada for a charter lo eeostruct tbe Delaware and Raritan Canal. Whilst a tbia bill was lo progress, other parties p applied for a charter to build a railroad h from Camden to Amboy. There c barter?, « be it borne In mind, were not close corpo- c rations; I bay were open to the citisens of 0 tb* whole country. Tbe books of I bare c cntapsniea were opaoed by tbe uanal adver- b tiaemanta, inviting all persons to subscribe, , aod appeal* war* mad* by commute** to V tba General Government, mid to cltisent of i New York aod Philadelphia, lo aid in tb* o great and hasardons enterprise of building f tb* canal g Tba railroad being lee* costly, and more a easily mMaged by s peculators, tha majority t of tbat stock was subscribed by a few d patriotic citizens of New Jersey, which prevented its getting into tb* band* of t speculator, to tba ruin of tb* eanaL But c of thu canal stock, so mnch more important c to New Jersey, only 1.300 of the 15,000 shares ware rabaerib^d, notwithstanding ( the great exertions made by Ita ((lands to t fill np tb* asbscription. Hare again any < I aid from New York or Philadelphia, or tba ! Government, would bar* boon gladly ob- • Uined. , In this unpromising Male of things, a f citizen of New Jersey, » dim of fortune ( (well invested), wbo had nevar ambdritvd in . a speculative scheme, waa importuned for ( , aid to aaee tba caaal. lie «u assstd that , . if th* caoal fbil-d than, it would b* leal « foiwvsr, aad deemieg it of infioite import- , i anew to tba Stat* and U* nation, b* em- i I barked ie the ewtarpria*. i » tb* invest meal, but bt *5sH it to be a i ance slack la aw tb. j ; '■ t tb* sabscnptioa. Appeal*. pwbLc aid , r '• • '

k priv-ita, ware made time after tine, to tHa - patriotism of th* public, bnt without rnc- < 1 coaa. Aay msn or number of T>en would al list time bar* been allowed 'A to lake s a part or (be whole of tba capital stock. - But perhaps there ware not as many . patriots then as now, when such herculean i, efforts are being mada to plondei tbe pub- - lie treasury of Naw Jersey, Md to break . down tba characters and fortune* of tha I men wbo came forward to construct, by I tbair owu unaided efforts, that great n«j Dona] Md Slate work. No additional sub- . seriplion could b* obtained without further legislation. Tbe Legislature was now asked lo give - ■ the canal company authority to construct r a railroad On the banks of tha csnal. It i refused to confer socb a privilege, but, al i the same time, beld .out some ezpectariou I of giving railroad privilege#, provided the I caoal should b* mad* suvsnty-five fast wide • instead of fifty feel, according to the orig- > inal charter, aud seven feet in depth instead . of five feat. This alarmed tba Camden and - Amboy Railroad Company, and tbey r»f fused to go on with tbeir road. It became ) Decenary to reconcile these rival interests or abMdeo the proposed improvements enr tirely. r They were reconciled, in the only praetii cable way, by uniting kbc two companies, r and consolidating fbeir stock and protact- • ing their Interests. Remember, tbat this was done more tban thirty yeart ago, when I the few practical men wbo undertook to | > bnild railroads and canals lo New Jeraev j 1 were denounced •< visionary theorists. t Remember aleo, tbat, as before said, her • lands were worn oot or greatly impoverirh.s ed. and her youcg and enterprising men, in ' - a steady stream, were deserting their homes » for the fertile prairies of tbe west. She ■ wat a small Statu, with not n village con. • taining 10,000 inhabitants ; bar statasmrn • and public men were too Mgecious le on _ • cumber her with a ..jioge debt for works which, wbsu made, mere certain to benefit i Naw York and Pennsylvania quite as « mnrh. if not more. thM they wonld probat bly benefit New Jersey. They could, at > that time, obtain bnt little aid oolslde of • tbe State. Bot she had, among her own 1 eijlsens. enterprising and far-eeeing man. r who were willing to riak (Md it was at that - time a great risk) large private fortunes in ' building ber public works, provided tbe - necessary franchise* were conferred upon • tbrni. She wtisty conf*m»-i the neceeoery . i grant*, and unu.-r tbeir auspices New York ' > and Fhiladalpbi* war* supplied with a railr road connection which has probably don* { • mora to augment the growth Mil wealth of I t thug cities tbso it has contributed to th# growth and wealth of Naw Jersey. But » there hat b**n a class of specalstor* wbo, t ever aince.lb* success of tbe New Jersay i railroads wat demonstrated, bare mad* war > on N*<r Jersey, became sb* would not - allow them to destroy tbe value of bar

public works b$ constructing competing ■' railroads. ^ * Tbaaa anUrptfriag g»otlrm«l here, for b want of any other possible reuse of com- f plaiot agsinst Near Jemy, affected great 1 and Hfdigoation because the Btate, I When she greeted the railroad Md eanal a charters, reserved to herself certain tolls • tb* business of tbe companies she had cr**led. Tbe eradnlity of tho peopl* has ' b*eo presumptuously taxed to belies* tbia ■ was a singular and naparalleled Stria of 1 As if It war* not notorioua ' thkt every Btate taxes, in some way or 1 other, for^tb* benefit of ber treasury, all 1 grantees of charters who darivo pecuniary 1 gains' Worn tbe business which ihey ere 1 suthorised to puree# 1 As if every Bute ' tbal has constructed a caaal doss oot ' derive a revenue from it 1 Or th* ffi.OOff.OOO received last your by ' tba SUta of Naur York for tells on her 4 caualt, tke greater part was paid by the 1 citisens or other 8 tales * How scrnpolonsly Naw York be* pro- ' tecled from railroad oompotitioo ibo Btata 1 monopoly of carrying freight on tba Kri* ' Canal is knosre to all. Naw York employed for many years a I great number of laborers to build bar 1 canal* ; Md ovar bad above tb* charges for ' freight, she reserves certain tells, which all ' pay who use ber canal*. New Jersey employed certain chartered 1 companies to make her caoal and railwey lb* Btate, aad aba charges these ' companies • pacific tolls on tbe freight and ' paaaangwrs they carry from one side of tin - Sin's to tbe other ride, whether tbey be citizen* of Now Jersey, or ciUaens of other H is m entire error to suppose tbat lliiiMIi I' neduTl. of tt.WaeScvuK.se. were- *

travallara and marcbandiie crossing New Jersey are taxed by the Btate- They are v not even compelled to pay tolls for trMsit over ber territory. Any person may go n free in tbeir own conjeyMce over the com- t moo roads. Tbey are .only liable to b* r charged tolls, regulated by law, if tbey I prefer to travel over the turnpikes or other artificial works, th* property of individual* j made at their own expense. A per centum i! of tb*** tolls is paid into tbe Btate Tree- 1 - ■ snry by the individual* wbo eomtitula tbe t ■ companies whicb have made these artificial j ; r 'works. Therefore, tbe fares charged by there ; < i cumpauiua for tbe us* of tbeir railroad, sod : 1 ; cecal are clearly not .a tax levisd by the < ■ Blste on tbe passenger and oo merchandise- . . because, if the Btate should teliaquish nil , t i revenue from these companies, still the j r i paiMnger Md forwarder of merchandise p.' i would be required to psy lb* same fares as I | • they do now. Nor would tb* in?e*tmrnl| ' I of additional capital in the construction of « I rival work* be likely to reduce the fares ; , • > it would probably increase them. j ■ i The term "transit duty," when used in | I i our laws, means the mode of computing. ; ■ ■ with eimpliciSy and certainty, tbe amount due to tbe State on lb* aggregate business ; | . of tbe coinptnies : nothing more. , Tbe nmonnt paid iiy tbe passenger or , < . forwsrder is in no way affected by what bis ! i i been inadvertently called a transit duty on j I i passengers aod merchandise, i In principle, tbe toll* which are paid into , - I tbe treasury of New -York front tbeburines. | i I don* oo ber canals are precisely similar lo - tbose which New Jersey exacts for the i . { business done on her public works. j i if A citizen of New Jersey cmooI tie up: - i bis sloop to s wharf in New York or 1'hilai H,lphis unless lie pay* liberally for the ! . privilege. But New Jersey, by whose : : i legislation tboio groat works were con- j ; • J (tracted, which havu been so beneficial to i i Netf York and Philadelphia, is denounced, J I ; btcaose she, io tb# exercit* of on undoubted l right, reserved to berseIC some email com- 1 i - psnration for tbe inestimable brnefits she | . t conferred on the country. f Aid what la the evil complained of which l Is mignified into such monstrous propor- ■ , lioni! Oot of tbe hundreds of millions of. I property which are Mnoally transported ■ I I tbrongb ber canal and over her railroad., i 'the collect* from tho companies, for tbe 1 i ' benefit of ber treasury, not quit* 8200,000. f a sous! durable proportion "f which it paid i by ber own citizens 1 This it the gigantic critp* — tbi* is Ibe ' i.' tremendous imposition of which New Jer- 1 f| sey it accused. i Tbe Statu of New Jersey, when sfa* char- 1 V terud the Delaware and Reriten Canal aud \ , Camden and Amboy Railroad, wisely sr. rated to herself a revenue by lazing thoif , r business, and at the same time secured to . I ail persons wtihing to do so s ready transit j p ncross tba. State, al a tower rate than on r-c IQU QUIC, a- n IU-,| raiu fcuau on I

most other rmllropds with which I sin | acquainted. On half th* trains that run | - New York aod Philadelphia the j - for passengers is lbs* than 82.25, tbe i fare being $3.00, Md the lowest i 81.50. All th* trains are equally comfortable, bnt not equally fast, on account of tbe stoppages for way passengers. Tbe companies chartered in 1830, by their soccers and good management, have , acquired sncb credit tbat, with tba nae of i lhal credit chiefly, tbey have been enabled to aseistio the conatrucDon of railroads in all pert* of the Btate. The fueolt i* tbet Jersey ba* covered her territory with re-Ike*** w i tb out encumbering herself with d.t>< Krvesy county in the Stale he* a raiiroad. and the people of esery county reach either New York or Philadelphia in three boors, or lass rime. The average sain* of farming lands io Naw Jersey exceeds that of tbe (arming lands of any Other State. Th* improvement of the lands of New Jersey, Md tbe suecete of railroad*, base benefited Naw York nod Philadelphia quite M moeb a* New Jersey. It is for adopting Md adbsring to a policy Ibo* fruitful of benlficsnt results tbat Naw Jersey la made the objeet of attack, afad tbat tb* Genera) Government 1* invited to step in. end lo tb# exercise ot doubtful powers, to destroy Ihst* franchit es Md vetted rights, to th* protection of which the public faith of the Bute ol Naw Jersey is inviolably pledged. Bat it is said that 'The facilities fur tb* transportation of troop* aod monition's of war from north , to aonlh are entirely inadequate." This assertion is doslitnia of My shadow or exeUM. What are th* existing facilities T Id. There is th* ooaan. 2d. Tbe Del aware and Rarifan Canal 3d. Tho Carfd.n and Amboy Railroad, via Uaadaa Md Amboy. ith. Tba Camden and Aaabwy Railroad, via Jeca.y C.iy, and Treat® aad Phriadrlpbi. Railroad, « which a dowWe track » • being completed.

5lb. The New Jersuy Central Railroad, via narritburg. Upon My one or thvae rootea troops and i munitions of war could be delivered faster than the Government boa ever yot been > ready to receive them, as tbe experience of j testifies. Bat it it the rights of tba Otmdon end | Amboy Railroad wbicb it is especially ' designed to destroy. Through ibvm New ' Jersey is to bo assailed. And what uo 1 ! prove as lo the facilities cf tbat com j | pany. [ it may be teppoted that tbe full measure . of tbu capacity of the CatsdJu end Amboy i for trausporlatioo bat he on cx- j ceedod during the last three years, if ever. J ', So far, however, is ibis from being a fact, 1 tbat the demands of the Government did . approximate anything cetr tbe capacity ' J^of thee* roads on any one day of that period The troop# wore ail promptly cou- ■ ; veyed. ntlboot delay and without lnterfer- | with the c-rdioary traffic. Tbe Gov- 1 ■ ernmeut officials acknowledged witlr com- j - mendeliou tbe satisfactory manner in which I th# New Jersey roads performed every service inquired of them during tbat period. ; The Caaiduo and Amboy ilailrond Com- j j ih connection with the New Jersey ' , was thrualenod, placed at tho tervicn of the j | Governcient all tbclr works, by night und ' I day. These companies were tbe first i j railroad companies to agree upon a tariff of j compensation for servico rendered, entirely j acceptable to tbe Government. My design in this communication has i to place before you. as briefly us I : I conld, facts connected with the origin of ' the Jbin't companies of the Delaware and Rari'an Canal and Camden aod Amboy I Railroad and Transpotlalion Coinpanius— j i not to argue with yos or any one. tbe , powers of C'ongiusf, &c., Ac., Ac.; aud when I you bava road them I ask you to stand up | | and say wbeiher you can see cithur magon j nimity, generosity, wisdom ixl patriotism in | assailing men who hare, to the best or tbeir abilitiee, and al the risk of tbeir private ! | fortunes, served the public for more than i 1 thirty year*, on the drturive and odious ! pretext of pnlting -'own a rnnnTpofy, '! If it be a monopoly to enjoy ■> moderate j ' remunrraiion for ass ming great risks, pod making great highways of commerce, and i paying largely Tor tbe privilege t«» make : those highways, then every individual's ex- j i elusive property ts a monopoly. Th* New j I Jersey companies have purchased, Tor S vol- ; cable consideraticn. ell the 'rigbU tbey ro- - 1 joy. The public faith is pledged fur tbe j faithful protectioa of Ibose rights by as J valid a contract as was ever made between j any parties. ~'If those rights are not abso- 1 j lutely protected by law from any infringe- [ 1 ; men', except with tbe consent of both ton1 . iractiog parlies, then no rights and no - ■ j propei ty Can hereafter be oooslderad invio- i i leblt.

The New Jersey companies enjoy tbeir J : exclasiv* frsnabise by vir%e cf a Uaie now . nearly expired, and it i* now pret'y well understood tbat tbia franchise has cost more I tban it is worth. For the money paid for this lease originally, and for ita continued protection, tbe companies conld bav* | bonght all the roads ever proposed to be ' made between New'York and PbiUdrlpb'e. 1 end taxed tbe public lo pay for such an expenditure. Tbere it little danger to the pnbiic from legislative grants. They are nsoollv so guarded and qualified thai the pnbiic nave generally tbe best of the bargain. There is tome control reserved by law over each creatures of legislation, by meant of which responsibility is insored. Bot where e consolidation of capital is accomplished, to defeat a competition intended lo be produced, then a monopoly-results, peraictoot end oppressive, end wbtch.in the end, Ibe public it made to feel as a burden of lb* most odious sad offensive character. Tbe proprietors of the New Jersey pnbiic works wonld oevsr permit their pritilget lo be infringed, for this reauop among others, tbat it wonld lead to tho creation of a more irresponsible and illegitimate monopoly than their worst enemies ever accused them of beieg. They claim, while they have properly Erolecttd their own right, and interests, to avu really protected tbe public from the anieropulout cupidity of speculators. Tbey have always considered that tb* privileges conferred by their charters constitnteii a solemn trust. No Board of Pnbiic Works of any Stat* have beun more dasihins of. giving" satisfaction, or held ituelf mora responsible lo pnblio opinion than tbe nam. gert of those companies. 1Ae recent expression of opinion by the Executive and Legislative dwpsrtmtaU of New Jersey, prove tbet tb# people of that Bute entertain none i) ( those feeling* which wonld be entertained toward* Iboe* wbo used their privileges oppressively, or in dsrogatiou ol tbe public welfare. . II tb* right* of these companie* ere infringed he Congrats, in subordination to tb% greedy cofadity of en organized conspires* for tb* promotion oT private speculation, it will be in contravention of lb* almost unanimous expression of lb* SUta orNewJstswy. Very trulv yours. R. F. Stocxtok.

^tintltural. WORK FOR THS H0KTH. The following notes and suggestion* j for tbe month of April, arc taken from | the American AgrknUnrist. a journal that should he in the bands of ever* ■ farmer in tb* conn try.' It Is ifnblishctl by Ornng*. Jcdd, 4i PetL' Row, New | York, st onp dollar per rear. I Bird) — Do not forget to prrwhic houses for birds vtltcrc they will protect ! the garden and orchard from insects. ! Coin and Cairt*.- -Separate cows aad cnlvcs esrly,* if the nriik U the main thing. Where real is cspecisH* *«1«#ble, it often pays test to let celve* run with the cows, eometlmca giving one cow two calves, and as tbey an marketed j supplying their placrs with oth' ra. New 'j milch cows ought to have sotu.fftruecu1 1 lent food (roots or cahbtggs) at this , season. It materially incrwsea their . (low cf milk, and the increase (a tnoiu-" . s taincd when they get to pasture.- v r! Carrots — For tho fanner., who feeds - ! ecus and bones; the# fefira. e#~r wvv. » : remunerative. It r.ercssitdMtt thorough ' ' chlture and enriching of the soil, and en ' a preventive of disease, and as excellent ' - feed, it has no equal. Sow Orange or : Aliringbam early, in good, deep toil- . j C* liars Bboulth he submitted to tbor1 oogh cldsring out, cleansing and whilef washing, eery particle of vegetation, I bits of wood, boards, etc., removed, and r ' roots sorted over and shifted. 1 r ' • Draining. — Tbere is seldom time to ° i do much ot draining in the spring. Seo 1 clloct of that which has betn done, Cfitliflute advantages, note wet, springy , spots snd their relations to the dopot r ; and to each other, to ridges of qlay Of s ! gravel beds, and be prepared tounderi) ' take systematic drkining. dr eff^bd • ' ; plan nlready started, as soon th posofliU. ! Hogs are the best manure makers on * ! tho farm, otherwise tbey coold not bo | raised with any profit stiywhera at tho East. Secure a good stock of sboaVt • and ktep tbem at work. Tbey tieed as , { be fattened if this will be a loelng bos t nee* ; bog btudsi tg. If spndacted wit| i- care, it generally profitable- . *1 Horses — See that the increased de- * - mnnds upon them do not cnase hsreersj D | g.lls— bring them gradually to b»rdj work, letting theoi hardeu by degrees.' Manure. — After spreading, plow or \ a . barrow at once It Is best buried wear ^ ,. the surface. A good compost for eora or potatoes is made by mixing 1 or 3 •

| cwt df Castor pomace to the !o»d of b* muck, and working it over once in two V weeks. ! Meadows and Pasture — Keep off | j Urge and small cattle. Mixed grass , | vreds may be sown on tbrn tpou aud , : harrowed or raked in, Or left npon the , surface — the firat preferable. Titc "W*op- ■ ings of hay seed whure a mow bus been, famish good seod, unless weed «■•>!* ' abound. Never turn stock to pasture ' till tbe gross is well grown : the fited if , hnrt for tho entire summer. ■ Oats —Sow esrly — the earlier tbe | better. Get seed frqm a more notbera ' ^latitude. Priae seed ought to weigh 40 - to 44 ponnds to the bushel. The de- | mtud for ope In Ibo army is and wilt be i great. OniShs.— When sown on new anil, j bow mixed with carrot seed ; both crops - will mature ; the onions first. Th* sec- ' ond and following crops on thMsma, I land will improve. Potatoes. — For the early market plant [ Dykeman, or some other approved cm4| a white sort, lo wmro, dry cod, well efir ricbed, — tie earlier th* better. For [ main crop, plant early and deep, ■ low soil, wiihont any fresh or Strang ' manure. Ashes and plaster are uxeel- . lent fertilisers for potatco*. ; Poultry.— Set all kinds as early as ' good eggs can be obtained: Old batter - or lord tubs am exoellcnt for oust*. Tbe , ' chicks abowld be fed bread Mekcd in t milk at firat ; cooked Indian weal afterward. Pure water, green food, and j some grain doily, with scraps of .mg*1 - now aod then, heaps of pounded oyiteshells, bonce and gravel, and a dusting " box couttioing ashes, are essuattsl ,IU profitable keaping at heat is clou quarters.