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CAUSES OF COASTEROS1AN A *tad; of tike cms «• of coast erosion it essential before it is possible to say I what are the best means of combating it Erosion is due to many oauaee, and coast protection works cannot be expected to be successful unless they are . desired to protect. Many of the coastprotection wdkrs constructed on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts have proved a failure, and this has undoubtedly been due in a great measure to r an imperfect knowledge of the causes v of the erosion. The author hk^ known of cases where the erosion was due to ■wind action in moving inland the natp nml sand embankments but where the protection works have been designed and constructed to prevent erosion by wave and current action. Of course, they were s failure and the erosion continued, which oould have been certainly stopped by very inexpensive works had the correct cause of the erosion been recognised. The general tendency is for the sea to fjll up the bays and plane down the headlands. Spits in front of bays and estuaries are formed where there is a predominate drift. If there is an abundant supply of littoral drift and an cmhayment in the coast, the sand is moved by wave action and currents in a more or less continuous manner, and instead of being moved back into the reentrant angle is often built out in the form of a long spit. The action of oblique waves and currents is alone instrumental in building the spits or sand bar- , riera which border the coast up to the - level of about low-water neap tides . After that level is reached the wind plays an important part in their formation. At low tide the onshore winds blow sand against the sea-constructed hank and wind-formed dunes are then brought into existence. A spit built oui across a bay, may. In course of time, extend right across and form a lake behind it. Southward of Sandy Hook many hays which formerly indented the coast have been closed by the formation of spita which have grown right across. Lakes have thus been formed at Elberon, Deal, Asbury Park, Ocean Grove, Ocean Park, Lake Ookbo, Spring lake and Sesgrit. Where a Considerable quantity of land water drains into a bay or inden-

tation, the land water may at times of i flood break through the sand spit in c one or more places. Where riven dis c r charge into bays the sea is often unable t | to maintain a continuous spit across, | and during floods the river water may c break through it in one or more places, • | long, narrow sand islands being thus < formed. Spits in front of Shark -and < 1 Manaaquan River outlets have, as pre- a ' vioualy mentioned, been constantly 1 breached and then built up again by lit- t ! toral drift History also shows that ' • the Sandy Hook spit between Low Moor c 1 and itB extremity has been broken i : through on several occasions, when tbc r waters of Shrewsbury River would for ' a time empty directly into the sea. < ' On the Atlantic coast of America we j ' frequently find a series of elongated , ' sand islands more or less inclosing In- i goons. In fact, audi sand islands are > ' more characteritically exhibited on the i ' Eastern coast of the , United States t than on the coasts of other continents. 1 ' These sand islands will often travel i across the bay and join onto the coast. 1 | or the sand islands themselves may i ' Every shore lias a natural gradient of j repose andi if the commencement of a | l_ new cycle of coastline changes there :< j ' a vary fiatsandy shore so that the , ' waves build up a barrier of sand just , 1 landward of the breaking line and thus , steepening the gradient of the natural , inclination of repose , ' A new cycle of coastline changes are ] ' inaugurated by any important altera- , ' tion in the relative levels of land and | 1 sea. Subsidence of the land or rise of , ^ the aea will, of course, cause erosion. , Although there are evidences of local , changes in the tide level on the New , Jersey coast, there is no evidence of a , ' gradual sinking of the land, as has . • been supposed by many people. Re- , ' cent precise leveling in the vicinity of , ' New York harbor confims the surveys , 1 made in southern New jm^e-by prov- ' ing an absence of any tilting of the 1 land, and shows further that mean sea , level at Sandy Hook, is the same now ■ as it was more than a quarter of a cen9 tury ago. The forces — wind waves, * wind currents, tidal , currents and wind ' action, now operating on the New Jer- * sey and Long Island coasts are fully 9 capable of causing the great changes 9 which have undoubtedly taken place in I recent years. e There is practically no such thing r.» static equilibrium of a foreshore, the f surface layers »being constantly in mo- - tion. When a shore is met with which

in apparent equilibrium, neither ero- ] sion nor swauunlatiyi taking place, it I does not follow that movement is ah- « sent, but simply that removal and de- I position approximately balance each > other. Anything disturbing this bul- ' ance at once becomes evident In a gain < loss to the foreshore.* The effect 1 of obstructions, such aa a headland or I a break in the coutinunty of the coast- ' line, which will interfere with the lit- *1 toral drift is therefore very important. « Wherever an obstruction checks littoral < drift, erosion very often takes place, ■ under natural conditioins, on the lee- 1 ward shore. 1 There are also peculiar conformations I of the coastline which allow a certain ' part to be sheltered from particular winds, which are active in eroding material from other parts of the coast. In such a ease littoral drift' may commence at the particular point where the shelter, say, .of a headland, ceases to effective, thus producing severe erosowing to the absence of drift from the other side to fill the place of the material removed. The' amount of littoral ^Irift taking place on any part of the coast is dependent partly on the gradient of the foreshore and sea bed. With a very flat gradient the tendency is for the ends of oblique waves, on entering the shallow water, -to .be retarded and for the line of waves to swing rourvl and come in at right angles to the coastThe flatter the gradient, the less material 'will be moved by wave action per unit area. Erosion of the coast, under natural conditions, tends to flat ten the- gradient, and accretion to 6tepen it. If from any cause a shoaling of the sea bed takes place on any part of the coast, then the tendency will be for accretion to take place on the foreshore opposite the shoaling, and for erosion to take place on the leeward 1 shore, due toyinterference with the alongshore supply of drift. Given a straight coastline composed of alternate layers of hard and soft material, then the effect of the sea will be to form bays and! headlands by eros- ■ ion of the soft material; but after a ' time perhaps* several years, the projecting headlands would shelter the bays, and erosion of the soft and hard strata 1 might then take place at the same rate. 1 There is also a limitation to localized erosion due to other causes, and it is " very important to bear this in mind. If from any cause, such as interference ' with littoral drift, erosion is caused ' along a certain length of coast, then if this continues a bay will be fyrmed, tbe direction at which the waves strike the coast and also the gradient of the shore will be altered and theneadland Trill shelter the bay. Coast Protection Works. Residents along the sea coast and others who have observed the great amount of damage dones during gales and- the enormous destructive power of waves often have the idea that works to prevent coast erosion must necessarily be very strong and designed to oppose the forces of nature. To fight against the the destructive forces of the sea is a very costly proposition and the chances of success are very small - The sea has, however, a constructive as well as a destructive power, and if we utilize the constructive power, instead of opposing the destructive power, it is in most cases possible to prevent erosion and in many cases to do so by very simple and inexpensive means. Broadly speaking, coast protection works may be considered as falling under one of two heads, either "passive" or "active" defense. In the first group the chief aim is to increase the resisting power of the natural barrier or cliff against the sea, by substituting a harder and 'more durable material for that already existing, or by increasing the size and height of the n«i ural barrier, thus providing a greater factor of safety. .Seawalls, bulkheads and artificially created littoral sand dunes are examples belonging to the first division. Under certain eireuin- . stances groynes may also be put in for the sole purpose of holding the existing material on the shore and preventing further loss; but as a rule they have a much wider use and come under the head of active defenses. In the passive types of protection works, seawalls, bulkheads, etc., the difficulty is to get the advantage of the passive resistance without at the same time introducing some new factor which exercises a deleterious influueneo. That such a factor may be introduced is too often to be scon on various parts of tbe Atlantic and Pacific coasts, where . many of the vertical or nearly vertical ' bulkheads have caused erosion, often so - serious as to far outweigh in; good ef- ! fects they might have h^d. Where erosion of the foreshore is lakI ing place due to wave and current ae- | tion, sea walla or bulkheads cannot in ' any way prevent its continuance. All ' they will do is to postpone the erosion . of the mainland. If, for example 'a bulkhead- is constructed at highwater ■ line on a shore which is being eroded I by the alongshore movement of sand or ; shingle which is not compensated for by | materia] moved in from the windward side, then after the bulkhead is eom-

pie ted even if R does not itself injuriously effect the foreshore, the erosion due to littoral drift will still go on; the water at the toe of the bulkhead will gradually get deeper and deeper until the structure is undermined and' I collapse*. We are therefore driven to ! the conclusion that sea walls and bulk- 4 heads constTurted on a shore which is eroded by wave and current ac- 1 Hon arc doomed to destruction if the 1 erosion continues, uqlcss they are themselves protected by a natural barrier 1 of beach or sand kept in place by groynes or other means. If, therefore, 1 a barrier of sand or shingle, what are ! the uses of these structures? Their are to protect valuable projiefty 1 while the groynes* are building up a ' barrier of sand or shingle, and after that lias been accomplished are of advantage as a temporary protection in : case the barrier of sand or shingle is suddenly scoured away, due to a breakdown of the groynes or other cause. In that event, however it will be necessary ' as soon as possible to build up the shore again in front of the wall or bulkhead. •A wooden breakwater. When Your Child Cries at tiight and tosses restlessly, you feel worried Mother Gray's Sweet Powders for Children break up, colds in 24 hours. Relieve Feverishness, Constipation, teeth ing disorders, and destroy worms. Used by mothers for 28 years years. All Druggists, 25 cents. Sample FREE. Mother Gray Co., Le Roy, N. P. 2-12-4 EARNESTNESS UNDER PRESSURE. Commenting upon the vigor and timeliness of Representative Mann's brief ■ speech on preparedness, the New York Sun says that "if Mr. Wilson's heart is • irt the work he has taken up he will be [ mightily encouraged and heartened by > tbe Republican help promised him." But is Mr. Wilson's heart in the work. He I spoke brave words enough in his mes- : sage to Congress this year, but he let I many valuable weeks go by without . action while Bryan and the pacifists i proceeded to organize their forces so that now there are said to be nearly a , hundred Democratic Congressmen who l will not support the President's pro- . gram. He never made any effort to ee1 cure co-operation from anyone, and i he did not plan his speech-making tours until it became evident that something must be done, not to save his program 1 for national preparedness, but to win F favor for himself as a candidate for the , Presidency. The very fact that the ; Run has to speak of Mr. Wilson's at- ; titude on preparedness tflth an "if" is 1 sufficient evidence of the President's belatcd espousal of i cause which he sneered at a year ego. I t TARIFF PRINCIPLE PLAINLY TOLD. > Congressman Martin B. Madden, of t Illinois. — To the extent of the increase s of European shipments to this country ■ American manufacture decrease; Amer- - ican mills close to the extent that Eut ropean mills open; American workmen F are thrown out of employment to the I I extent that European workmen are en- | gaged in manufacturing products for | ' this country's market, and so on. un- | t til every mill and every man in Europe j is at work, and every mill and every , man in this country is idle. Tariff for t revenue only is a splendid theory, but r a very bad practice. The Republican party believes that a tariff which proi tee t« American workmen Is best for • the American people and when in power j it passes what is known as a protective i t tariff law. That is. it compels Euro- J ' peans to pay a tax for goods landed in j r American porta equal to the difference ; between European and American wages. I In this way the European is compelled to deduct from his profits the amount j • of the tariff on his goods and thn* be i r is prevented from selling them here in j 1 This enables us to keep American mills j 9 and factories open and American men j - employed. j , :

WAR! W All About? i

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HAS the whole world gone stark mad over a very foolish and trivial question? Are swords rattling, cannon rumbling, mailed armour glistening just because Russia wanted to show her love for the little brother— Servia? Tear aside the curtain of Europe's politics and see the grim and sinister game of chess that is being played. See upon what a slim, yet desperate, excuse the sacred lives of millions are being sacrificed. Read the history of the past one hundred years, as written by some of the greatest authorities the world has ever known, and learn the naked, shameful truth. Just to get you started as a Review of Reviews subscriber, we make you this extraordinary offer. We will give to you FREE— "Europe at War"

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C| ROUND OliLU TRIP 1 TO Philadelphia t A city rich in historic memories SUNDAY, MARCH 12 r ' Train Leaves CAPE MAY, 6.55 a. m. I Returning, Leaves > Philadelphia, 7.30 p. m. See the Battleships at League Island Navy Yard, open until 4.00 p. m., City Hall Towgffopen 12.30 to 4-00 p. m., 1 Independence Hall, open ijoo to 1 4.00 p. m., Memorial Hall and II 1 Academy of Fine Aita, open |l l 1.00 to 5-00 p. m., Fairmount |l| r Park and the many other oh- Ml 1 jecta of interest of "The Quaker Ml r ' City." j Pcnnsyhrani* R. R. [

GREEN CREEK Frank Camp is working at the firing plant at Dias Oeek for the Bethlehem Steel Co. They began firing Friday Lehman Richmond and wife were , called to Dividing Oeek last week t» , attend the funeral of faia brother. Mrs. Beulafa Scull is recovering from , fractured wrist caused by a fall. t Capt. Nathan Daughty is getting the nets for his pound ready for an early j run of fish. Joseph Camp attended a meeting of the mosquito commission in Atlantic City last week. 1 Mr. and Mrs. Walter Crease, who ] were married in Ckmden during the hoi- j idavs. returned home Friday and were j tendered a big serenade and shower in f the evening. The Conover Bros, have repaired the | old homestead house. It is for sale or > rent. 1 Mrs. Mildred Scull of Pennsgrove, is ( with her parents, Harry Conover and wife, for a few weeks. ] William Conover, who has been work- ] ing at Pennsgrove, returned home Wed- , I uesday night with symptoms of pneu- t , monia. He is now better. | Pastor Ellis, of tbe Methodist Church, , is conducting a series of revival meet- j [ ings at Burleigh, and is meeting with ] I success. Allen Steward, who found employ- [ ment at Chester, Pa., moved his family 1 to that place. They left on Friday with ] the best wishes of the whole community ; Charles Powell has built a new bun- ' galow at Norbury's Landing and began < housekeeping. He has resided with his | ' sister, Mrs. Steward, who moved to 1 ! Chester Friday. ! Elmer Hemingway shipped a large ' lot of potatoes last week. , Allie Woolson of Dorothy, was here • 5 last week laying the foundation for the : new bungalow which W. H. Thompson ^ is building at the corner. Mr. G H. Loper had the misfortune 1 to ran a nail in his foot Friday which caused him much pain. 1 Frank Errioson, chief engineer of a 1 steam ship trading soutn, left the ship < in New York and spent the week-end 1 at home. 1 The second or Knight's Degree wiH 4 be conferred on two candidates this Sat- ? urday evening, at the K. G. E. Castle1 Mrs. Mary Ella Foster, who has been 1 with her sister in Wilmington, returned ° borne last week. ' Mrs. Susan Hickman spent Monday with Mrs. Millie Hand at Nummytown. 4 The road contractors arc hauling the lumber for the fencing of Fishing Creek f causeway. Work will be resumed in grading that part of the road as soon as the freezing weather is over. Elmer Hemingway and wife spent f Sunday with her sister in Philadelphia. Charles Marqjiet moved his barber shop Monday from the property of A. R. Miller to that \of Frank Hollingsead. . Many of our people turned out and gave ■ him a hand. j F. C. Little called ou Harold Morton, j j at Rio Grande, on Tuesday, as there {■ Cant, and Mr*. M. M. Xorbury en- j friends «t tea Tuesday evening. Some of our young people attended ; an entertainment at Rio Grande Ture- i day even inc. Mr. A. B. M-P. r. aei-om|ienied by 1 Hon. J. M. K. Ilildreth ..f Cape Mav • aty. visited his farm here Tuesday Mr. Ilildreth is one ..f the staunch men i I and ought to be in the fight for the j governorship of New Jersey j Several from herd* attended the j Farmers' Institute at Cold Spring I Grange Hall Thursday and took part in j their discussions. Mr* Anna James, who has been with j her son Joseph and wife, was called to j her home at South Dennis as her eon is with pneumonia, j The newly graveled roads have been in a pitiable plight, almost unpaasable, ■ hut are better since they were honed, j Our pound fishermen are getting their i i pole* for the spring trade. (OFFICE OF FARM DEMONSTRATION I "THE PURCHASE OF FERTILIZERS" There is much being said at the present time concerning the purchase and use of fertilizers. Tlie question arises, "What can we do to liberate potash and will it. pay to use a fertilizer carrying one or two per cent of potash." 1 Authorities advise using . no potash this season since in the ready mixed goods each unit of potash will cost approximately S^OO and it is very doubtful jf results^ would justify paying eo much for this \elcment. By plowing under of cover crops (such ae crimson clover, vetch, etc.), and by the addition of a liberal amount of phosphoric acid we oaa liberate considerable potash that is already in our soils. Applications of lime (where they can be made) are highly beneficial in liberating potash. It is also well known that an application of from 300 to 500 pounds of

buy high gradf materials and per acre than would be used if cheaper grades were used. High grade fertilizers return yon more pounds of actual plant food ais- J . raenta for a dollar -than do cheaper materials. "A penny earned is' a penny earned* and we want to earn all we possibly can season. MISS M. ANNA HAUSER TO MEET WITH LADIES. The office of Farm Demonstration has arranged with Miss M. Anna Hauaer, Specialist in Home Economto meet with the ladies of Goahan, Palermo and Tuckahoe, N. J., and give of her practical talks. At these meetings arrangements will made to havei Miss Hauser return as soon as possible to give demonstration! at the same places of meeting; in the cooking of foods in the home. The evening of Thursday, March 2d, Miss Hauser will meet the ladies of N. J., in tbe Mechanics Hall, and will talk on "Planning of Well Balanced Meals." The hour of opening wfll 7.30 p. m. Friday afternoon at 2^0 p. m., a will he given in the Mechanics at Goshen, on the subject of "Planning of Well Balanced Meals." Friday evening a talk will be gives at the Tuckahoe Grange, the subject to "Food Values in Relation to the On Saturday, March 4th, Miss Hauser' will be present at a meeting of tha of Cape May County, that are actively engaged in the work of "The Promotion of Household Arts'." All of these meetings are free and open to tbe entire public and ws hope 1 to have a large attendance at each GEORGE B. THRASHER, Oounty Supt. Farm Demonstration. SELECT THE BREEDERS. The poultry husbandman of tbe New 1 Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station [ advises that it is now time to look over the poultry flook carefully and to seI lect a sufficient number of the best females which will be needed to produce the hatching eggs during March 1 and April. These selected birds should [ be mated to males especially vigorous and well-bred. It may often he desirable to purchase such males from reHa- . ble poultry men, thereby improving the . quality of the chicks secured. By ; breeding from a few of the better bens 1 of the flock mated to tbe best males 1 available, the quality, productivity, and stamina of the flock will be steadily im- , proved in succeeding generations. On . the other hand, if the special breeding • pen is not providedd, no improvement will be attained, and even a loss in . ; some of these desirable qualities may . : follow. The breeding flock should be i "elected and mated at least one month , before the eggs are to be saved for ^ ■ hatching in order to insure fertility. When making the mattings, the poulj tryman should be sure that the right • : proportion of males to females is se1 cured. With the light breeds, from fifI | teen to eighteen females ran be used • " "ingle pen mated to one male. » j villi the heavier breeds. s,«-h as the m T*> in. null Rocks, ten to twelve lemaies in such a mating is a tmieb safer num- ' b-r. Maturity in the breeding flock is 1 essential. Yearling and two year old ■ hens mated to early hatched, well grown cockerels furnish the best com- > bination. The practice of hatching > from pullets year after year, which are 1 immature and lay small eggs, should never be countenanced. Fines tlie fcr1 tile egg with a strong germ is th» nh- > ject, special care should be given to the ; selection of and the rare of thi pen throughout the breeding season. SOOTY BLOTCH. Aecordiag to the New Jersey Asriculr tural Experiment Station, sooty blotch is a disease of the apple causin-; irregular, dirty, soot-like or black W itches. I which sometimes cover almost the entire fruit- It may sift en be rubbed off ' with a cloth. While it does not injure the fruit for hobie use. it makes it unI sightly and reduces its market value. It can be controlled readily by the usual , spray methods as recommended in Oirr cular 44 of the experiment station . CHEAP ELECTRIC LIGHTS. i Seaside Heights, N. J-. Feb. 10. — - Mayor Kramer and the Borough Coun- - cil have entered into a contract with the > Barnegat Ice Manufacturing Company to supply electric lighting for public 9 use and private consumption at the rate , of five cents a Kilowatt hour. t Gummed Labels in fancy eat out dar signs, or eolore at very low prises. , A 9 postal will bring full information. 1 Star and Wave Publishing Company, Cape May, H. J. t Advertise ia *a Star and Wart-